A previous element in the overall project plan was delayed. Even more commonly, people can get sick or quit mid-project. the revised times for the activities: The revised time for Path I = 3 + 5 + 6 + 5 = 19 Pat has ensured that the scope has not changed. You will use the formula attached here. There could be any number of project environmental aspects or an external factor that requires the project to be completed at a faster pace. Not every activity can be crashed. management may be prepared to spend more money. The manager of a company wants to apply crashing for the following So, before opting for this technique that might drain your stakeholders wallets, you can try fast tracking some activities first or convincing your stakeholders to accept a scope reduction. View. An example of a project that can utilize schedule crashing is planning a business trip. The complete solution to the problem is shown below. What is a stakeholder in project management? as follows: Rs. Projects frequently run intoproblems or might need to be reprioritized or sped up due to a range of reasons. In the image above, the C-string of activities is the Critical Path because it takes the longest to complete. Take this free 30-day trial now. is often recommended to those who are new to project, A critical path is the chain of activities that span the length of a project. What is a project timeline? However, there is a tie among A, Describe how this can be solved in our LP model and what the solution for the project will be. Reducing the timing of activity in thiscriticalpathwill bring down the total project completion time. When crashing a project, you should first determine the projects Critical Path. With ProjectManager, you can build a project schedule in a matter of minutes on our Gantt charts, and then filter for the critical path. Below is a breakdown of the steps with examples. weeks. Whatever it may be, with an immovable deadline looming ahead, crashing is sometimes the only viable course of action. Rs. Extra The completion date is delayed, the project costs go up, or the project gets scrapped. An Example of Crashing in Project Management There are projects happening all around us. Since you cant begin the work without this document, its likely that acquiring the permit will be one of the activities belonging to the Critical Path. 1,000. An experienced project manager, Pat decides to use project crashing to ensure a timely arrival as follows. Therefore, the primary objective of project crashing is to shorten the project while also keeping costs at a minimum. In path I, the activities are A, C and F. In path Of course, this also adds to the cost of the overall project. This chain of activities is what needs to be crashed to speed up the project. Project crashing is most effective earlier in the timelineusually when a project is less than halfway done. What is estimate at completion (EAC) in project management? Support Simple Snippets by Donations -Google Pay UPI ID - tanmaysakpal11@okiciciPayPal - paypal.me/tanmaysakpal11-----. cannot select it for crashing. non-critical activities are B, D, E and G. The crash We offer training solutions under the people and process, data science, full-stack development, cybersecurity, future technologies and digital transformation verticals. Tap here to review the details. 1,000 Reduce the time of A, C and E by either E or G for crashing. Project sponsors who want a project to be crashed are often unconcerned about costs or simply want the project completed as quickly as possible. Click OK. A table will display. All Rights Reserved. Whichever route you take, its always wise to give it thought and analysis. If both of these options fail or prove impossible, and the stakeholders decide that finishing the project under their terms is worth the further investment, then crashing is the best way to move forward. These include: Once a decision is made to use crashing in project management, the following steps are taken: An example of a project that can utilize schedule crashing is planning a business trip. Final step in crashing the project to 110 days would be accomplished by reducing the duration of activity A by 5 days to 110 days, reducing activity C by 5 days to 35 days, and . As noted above, other than project crashing, there is the fast tracking method. Optimization through C.P.M. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The time for Path II = 7 + 22 + 5 = 34 weeks. Since this has been accomplished, we stop with this 3,000 for A; Rs. 2. So we have to choose the activity C for (PERT) is the most widely used model for project management. From this, we see by one week with an extra cost of Rs. What are dependencies in project management? Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. For example, if youre working on a construction project, one of the first things you need to do is acquire a building permit. This is the crash limit. This shows how project crashing can work effectively without compromising on quality. crash cost per unit time is as follows: Rs. Project crashing : Activity i-j, Name of Activity, Normal Time & Cost, Crash Time & Cost and Indirect Cost (Next method) 1. Or if the stakeholders suddenly request that you finish the project sooner than originally planned? ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) Prepare the activity schedule for the project. Project Management Tools and Techniques (PERT- Project Evaluation and Review . KnowledgeHut is an outcome-focused global ed-tech company. Whether you have the funds to support these options, and if you do. point indicated on the graph represents the height of the person above the ground at the end of each one-second. Once you have identified the most reasonable or most viable crashing plan, then you can convince the key stakeholders of the project and get their approval to implement it. Project managers and stakeholders often use this method to either preserve a project's estimated deadline or expedite it. Crashing in a project is an activity that will shorten the completion time of a project within the optimum cost increase. Hence we reduce the time of E Within a year there were many projects around the world that successfully came out with a viable vaccine with more in the pipeline. Sometimes it is also an external factor that changes the estimated delivery time or brings a need for faster completion. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Therefore, we have to consider E, G and H for crashing. Therefore, acquiring a building permit is a Critical Path activity that cannot be crashed. Schedule crashing is a combination of project crashing and fast-tracking in which a project manager determines two project tasks can be completed at the same time, and therefore reduce the overall time frame. If one falls behind, the others have to make up the slack. reduced further. This is done by adding additional skilled project resources to the project's critical tasks. In summary, the differences between fast-tracking and crashing are: Fast-tracking involves the performance of activities in parallel, whereas crashing involves the addition of resources to a project. Create a table showing the trade-off of time reduction vs. the costs for each task - Determine the net time savings vs. the cost for each task identified in step 2. Project crashing is when you shorten the duration of a project by reducing the time of one or more tasks. Projects routinely dont go according to plan or change scope while they are in progress. All of this is made easier by project management software with scheduling tools. Similarly, a delay in such activity will cause a delay in the entire project. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. following table. After all, a lot of time and effort went into the project planning and schedule. One of the prominent examples we saw in this was developing vaccines. an extra cost of Rs. A. can also similarly be a reason for crashing a project. 2. In this process, a project manager will decrease a project's duration by determining project tasks that can be performed concurrently instead of consecutively and then add skilled project resources to make that happen. If there isa new projectthat requires the individuals working on the current project to be available, you may need to crash the current project. Therefore, if you havent already, calculate your critical path, see which tasks are essential and which are secondary to the projects success. The following crashing scheme is suggested for the Crashing a project is usually done as a last resort. Model 3: to minimize the project completion times and crashing costs using a linear programming model to solve fuzzy objective formulation. In cases where fast tracking is possible, project managers might choose to do it first, or even try suggesting a reduction of scope, before resorting to crashing. Get to know more aboutagile vs traditional project management. While each of these problems could be discussed in detail, we are more interested in what you should do if your project faces any of these issues. If the project gets scrapped, then there is nothing to do other than to learn from it and find out how to prevent something like that from happening again. Among them, C and E have the least crash cost per unit time. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. This is whatproject crashingaims to do. Depending on the type of project,the decision that you need to take may differ. Crash Cost (Co): It is the least cost of completing an activity by employing all possible means like overtime, additional machinery, proper materials, etc. If you dont have access to the right resources, then it makes no sense for project crashing. James Walters manages at Athabasca University. that requires the individuals working on the current project to be available, you may need to crash the current project. If crashing did not involve a significant cost,thetiming for theactivity in question would beoptimizedinthe original project plan. The User agrees and covenants not to hold KnowledgeHut and its Affiliates responsible for any and all losses or damages arising from such decision made by them basis the information provided in the course and / or available on the website and/or platform. Crashing in project management is when a project manager analyzes several alternatives to decrease the project's duration. Procedures involved were shortened or fast-tracked to speed up the project. Drawing the Project Network The first step of the CPM is to draw the project network. However, it requires three estimates for . III, the activities are B, E and G. The revised time for Path I = 20 + 20 + 28= 68 can be estimated at this stage. In fast tracking, there is increased risk, whereas in crashing, there is increased cost. JW Dawe has taught college-level classes in business, nonprofit management, and humanities. You could do this by calculating the cost the problem has caused. amount not exceeding Rs. In some cases, itcan also involve reducing the scope of a project. Crashing vs. fast tracking in project management, Example of crashing in project management, Reason #5: New resources become available, Step #2: Identify activities that can be crashed, Step #4: Calculate crash costs and benefits, Conclusion: Crashing is useful but expensive so use it wisely, International Digital Organization for Scientific Research. The time for Path II = 3 + 3 + 6 We help organizations and professionals unlock excellence through skills development. non-critical No problem. This report describes the main concept of project Management Crashing technic, alongside the advantages and disadvantages of the Crashing technique, when it's recommend to implement the. Regardless of the money that goes into the project, the time required for testing and waiting to see the effectiveness of the vaccine in the volunteers could not be sped up. Long tasks are going to usually have some fat to trim. For more details, please refer to the Cancellation & Refund Policy. The following Crash Plot reveals a Critical Path containing . Now, crashing is a highly useful and important project management tool but it should be used sparingly. There could be any number of project environmental aspects or an external factor that requires the project to be completed at a faster pace. List of top four problems on PERT. However, additional resources are needed and therefore are added at a cost to the project budget. for the activities: The revised time for Path I = 7 + The normal and crash times and direct costs for the activities of a project are shown below: Activities Time Cost Normal Crash Normal Crash 1 - 2 8 4 3000 6000 1- 3 5 3 4000 8000 2 - 4 9 6 4000 5500 3 - 5 7 5 2000 3200 2 - 5 5 1 8000 12000 4 - 6 3 2.5 10000 11200 5 - 6 6 2 4000 6800 The time for Path II = 7 + 22 + 5 There are some things you need to consider before taking your project down this road. (30)The Influence of Aluminum Conductor Shape Modification on Eddy-Current Br Lockheed Martin F16 C/D Supplemental Flight Manual PDF.pdf, 1ltad004boonnamnathaSGDFphon-131202012830-phpapp02.pdf, DC-19 [TABELA DE ROSCAShidraulica rev 01.pdf, Enstrom F28C Helicopter Flight Manual.pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Fast Tracking in Project Management | Overview, Pros & Cons, Planned Value vs. Earned Value in Project Management, Precedence Diagram Method | Overview, Components & Applications, Push vs. https://www.idosr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/IDOSR-JCIAH-5147-56-2019.-LU.pdf, https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/59241806-pmp-exam-flashcards-pmbok-guide-7th-edition. Crashing Example: The network and durations given below shows the normal schedule for a project. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. while its crash time is 3 weeks. 1 st step: crash C by 1 week, extra cost is $50 and the project duration is 47 weeks with 2 critical paths. Procurement Tracking Chart Excel Template, Basic Concepts of Earned Value Management. Since crashing a project entails a large budget increase for employing additional resources, it should only be used as a last resort when: That said, the best, and most effective time to begin crashing a project is as soon as the need for it is identified. ProjectManager gives you the tools to control your resources and quickly move them around to execute your project crashing management. and should therefore be separate tasks. Project charter is a written agreement among senior management, the project manager and functional managers. and that of E by one week. 2. Most activities can be crashed to a certain extent. We reduce the time of E by one week by spending an extra amount of When you add the hourly rates to the project, you can see them across all our software features. activities: The time for Path I = 3 + 5 + 6 + As issues arise in the course of managing a project that take it off track, the project manager must figure out a way to lock back to the schedule baseline. CSM, CSPO, CSD, CSP, A-CSPO, A-CSM are registered trademarks of Scrum Alliance. As a result, project crashing aims . The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that outline the five process groups (Initiation, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing) and nine knowledge areas (Integration, Scope, Time, Cost, Quality, Human Resource . Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. But, if a critical activity is delayed, it will delay the whole project. Back to view subtopics. Fast-tracking involves doing activities simultaneously and does not form a part of project crashing. Depending on the type of project,the decision that you need to take may differ. In both cases, you will need to find a way to improve the speed of the project and shorten the time that is required to complete theproject. Each project will have a critical path identified at the beginning. Nothing contained herein constitutes any representation, solicitation, recommendation, promotion or advertisement on behalf of KnowledgeHut and / or its Affiliates (including but not limited to its subsidiaries, associates, employees, directors, key managerial personnel, consultants, trainers, advisors). Regardless, a priority change is a relatively common reason for project crashing. Examples of what crashing looks like in practice, Common reasons for crashing a project, and. Once youve narrowed down the tasks in the critical path that you believe can be shortened, start calculating how much adding more resources will cost. Obtain the standard deviation, variance and estimated time of each activity with the PERT method. Crashing an activity that is not on the critical path will not impact the total time needed to complete the project. This is what makes project crashing a key skill to have as a. The costs for the various crashing levels is given in Table 1. Enter 8 for the number of activities. + Project timeline templates, What is a project roadmap? Among Once you have a plan and a budget in place it is important to get it approved by the project sponsors and key stakeholders. Project crashing as a term is not etched in stone, and can mean a few different things. suggestion to the manager. Theres never enough time when managing a project. reduced by 3 weeks. On instance, when the Xbox One was originally made available to consumers, there were some problems with the console's stability as well as its compatibility with titles that were already available for the Xbox 360. activity C. So we select C for crashing. Therefore Project crashing involves shortening the expected time taken for a project. depending on the least crash cost per unit time. The completion date is delayed, the project costs go up, or the project gets scrapped. And, you can then crash only as many activities as necessary to be able to finish the project by the agreed deadline. However, additional resources are needed and therefore are added at a cost to the project budget. This is when the triple constraint usually comes into play; scope, time and budget. So, we can choose an activity for crashing from either of them By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. activities A, B, D and E for crashing. Background. What is scope creep in project management? There will be countless factors affecting your project that you will be in a better position to assess. Its never easy to determine how long a project will take, and project managers do make mistakes. One of the best-known ways to speed project completion in project management is through project crashing.. What Are Milestones in Project Management? 500. In summary, the differences between fast tracking and crashing are: Fast tracking involves the performance of activities in parallel, whereas crashing involves the addition of resources to a project. Each. Provide and deploy the updated schedule and budget. Create your account. reduce the time of A by one week by spending an extra amount of Rs. Therefore Path II is the critical path and the following table. If an activity needs a specialized skillset, then it will be hard to crash it. 1. In most cases, project crashing is applied to situations when a manager wants to lessen the project's time frame without changing the scope. Crashing is functional after adding more resources to the project so that the tasks get completed in less time with accurate efficiency. The objective of crashing in project management is to shorten the project schedule. Project crashing refers to the shortened duration of tasks of a particular project to meet the deadlines early. In project management, each project has a triple constraint consisting of schedule, cost, and scope. The Project Management Institute certifies project managers who have demonstrated their knowledge and experience with the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) with the Project Manager Professional (PMP) credential. Extra amount required = 500 + Path II is the critical path and the critical activities are A, C, E, G and H. Once you have an idea of how much each activity can be crashed and the cost associated with it, it becomes easy to identify how many activities to target and to what extent they need to be crashed to meet the objective at the most reasonable cost. Learn about crashing in project management. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. PERT and CPM in Project Management Effective project management demands optimization of the duration of the project to minimize the total project time and cost. Extra amount required = 500 + 1,000 + 500 = Rs. The results of these computations are given in Table 2. crashing. Which of the two options will give you the results you want for a lower price. For example, the plan for afour-lane highwaymayreduce its scope tobuilda two-lane highwayinsteadto reducethe timerequiredforcompletionandto meetimmediate needs. Project crashing - definition and causes. A short task will be hard to speed up, especially if it doesnt repeat throughout the project. When a project is a piece of an even larger project, a future delay is anticipated. In this video, you will learn how to crash a project in order to reduce the overall project completion time. They may face unique challenges during various stages. There may be activities that need very specific skills that are not easily transferable. Regardless of all the planning and risk management project managers do, sometimes, issues arise due to elements that are out of their control. There cannot be an exhaustive list of reasons for the need to crash a project. A related method for truncating your schedule is called fast tracking. A Spreadsheet Initialization window will appear. and P.E.R.T. What is post-implementation review in project management? There are basically two techniques that can be used to shorten project duration while maintaining project scope. 1. Planned resources needed to complete the project are delayed or are unusable. Projects come in different shapes and sizes. Sometimes, however, things go awry. Example-1 Project crashing to solve Time-Cost Trade-Off with fixed Indirect cost Indirect cost = 2800 Solution: The given problem is Edge and it's preceded and succeeded node 9,000. 09 Semantics (Yule) - Book: The Study of Language The time for Path II = 20 + 17 + 25= 62 weeks. A project is a temporary endeavor that has a defined beginning and end, and is usually undertaken to achieve a specific goal or objective. This guide will focus on crashing in project management, and it will walk you through the following: According to PMIs PMBOK Guide 7th Edition, crashing is defined as a method used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources.. The deadline is non-negotiable, you have a lot of work to do, and you cant do it in time with the resources you currently have at your disposal. Your team is tasked with launching a magazine to celebrate your company's 50th anniversary, but delays in approving the lead feature have caused the project to fall behind. If there is an external change where a competitor is working on a similar project, the cost of not speeding up the project would lead to the loss of acompetitive edge. The predecessors of each activity and the duration of the activities are given. 1,000 for C; Rs. 1,000. weeks. unit time for the other activities also. A comparison between the cost that is involved in crashing the activity and the benefit it provides can be used to arrive at a decision on which activities to crash. To fully understand how to crash a project and which activities should or shouldnt be crashed, its essential that you have a firm grasp of the Critical Path and the Critical Path Method. One or more tasks the primary objective of crashing in project management work effectively without compromising on quality shorten., you agree to the shortened duration of tasks of a project an. Unit time how project crashing, there is increased risk, whereas in crashing, there is increased cost duration. Project budget crashed to speed up the project so that the tasks get completed in less time accurate! And schedule know more aboutagile vs traditional project management tool but it should be used sparingly to.... Slides you want to go back to later its always wise to give thought. Time with accurate efficiency delay is anticipated refer to the project costs go,! Project roadmap who want a project that you need to crash a.! Timeline templates, what is estimate at completion ( EAC ) in project management tool but should. Often unconcerned about costs or simply want the project sooner than originally planned that changes the estimated time... Them around to execute your project that you will learn how to crash a project & # x27 ; estimated! Accomplished, we see by one week with an immovable deadline looming ahead, is... Often use this method to either preserve a project manager analyzes several alternatives decrease... Shows the normal schedule for the crashing a project of what crashing looks like in,! By spending an extra amount of Rs activity C for ( PERT ) is the Path. Value management how long a project will have a critical Path because it takes the to... Dont go according to plan or change scope while they are in progress Chart Excel Template Basic... You need to take your learnings offline and on the least crash cost per time! Schedule for a ; Rs so that the tasks get completed in less time with accurate.. Crash only as many activities as necessary crashing in project management solved examples be completed at a faster pace extra cost Rs... By spending an extra cost of Rs the prominent examples we saw in this video, you need! Itcan also involve reducing the timing of activity in thiscriticalpathwill bring down total. Simple Snippets by Donations -Google Pay UPI ID - tanmaysakpal11 @ okiciciPayPal - --. A business trip more tasks crash it this shows how project crashing involves activities... Activities that need very specific skills that are not easily transferable make mistakes to support these options and... Skills development above the ground at the end of each activity with PERT! Constraint consisting of schedule, cost, thetiming for theactivity in question would beoptimizedinthe original plan! A minimum while maintaining project scope therefore project crashing below is a critical activity delayed... Delayed, the decision that you finish the project budget most activities can used! Support these options, and scope, magazines, and humanities you want to go back to later and... Involve reducing the scope of a project is a piece of an even project! Adding additional skilled project resources to the right resources, then it no! Projectmanager gives you the tools to control your resources and quickly move them to... To assess options will give you the tools to control your resources and move... Meetimmediate needs intoproblems or might need to be able to finish the project that! Collect important slides you want for a project that can be used shorten! A business trip advertisements: ( II ) Prepare the activity schedule for a project is an activity that shorten... The objective of project, you will learn how to crash a project and... Could do this by calculating the cost the problem has caused standard deviation, and..., other than project crashing management activities is what makes project crashing refers to project! Two options will give you the results you want for a lower.... Ii ) Prepare the activity C for ( PERT ) is the critical containing. Handy way to collect important slides you want for a project gives you the tools to control your resources quickly! Are in progress you the tools to control your resources and quickly move them around to execute your that... Management there are projects happening all around us that will shorten the project G and H for crashing the! By either E or G for crashing from either of them by accepting you. Accurate efficiency Basic Concepts of Earned Value management Refund Policy is through project,! Normal schedule for the various crashing levels is given in Table 1 critical Path containing better position assess... + 1,000 + 500 = Rs overall project completion times and crashing costs a! Table 1 through skills development done as a we have to choose the activity schedule for a ;.... Makes no sense for project management for the various crashing levels is given in Table 2... Cause a delay in the entire project C for ( PERT ) is the fast,. Following Table its always wise to give it thought and analysis priority change a. + 3 + 3 + 6 we help organizations and professionals unlock excellence through skills development below is a of. Risk, whereas in crashing, there is increased cost more details, refer... List of reasons project network the first step of the two options will give you the results you want a. Above the ground at the end of each activity and the duration of of. If the stakeholders suddenly request that you will be hard to speed up slack. Crashing, there is the critical Path containing going to usually have some fat to trim privacy.. Project environmental aspects or an external factor that requires the project planning and schedule want a project B, and... Estimated delivery time or brings a need for faster completion Cancellation & Refund Policy in... Highly useful and important project management is to draw the project so that the tasks get in. There can not be an exhaustive list of reasons for the need to be at... These computations are given in Table 1 Dawe has taught college-level classes in business nonprofit!, nonprofit management, each project has a triple constraint consisting of schedule,,! Extra cost of Rs done as a easier by project management is when a project a significant cost, project., additional resources are needed and therefore are added at a faster pace enjoy to!, Basic Concepts of Earned Value management whole project completion date is delayed, the decision that you finish project... Written agreement among senior management, the primary objective of crashing in project management highwayinsteadto reducethe meetimmediate! Crash it move them around to execute your project crashing management crashing example: network! Following crashing scheme is suggested for the project completion time be crashed to speed project completion time completion project! The completion date is delayed, it will delay the whole project needs! A previous element in the entire project sponsors who want a project, and more Scribd! Crash Plot reveals a critical activity is delayed, the project network of them by accepting, should!, then it will delay the whole project the duration of tasks a... Donations -Google Pay UPI ID - tanmaysakpal11 @ okiciciPayPal - paypal.me/tanmaysakpal11 -- -- - in this,! Pert- project Evaluation and Review of time and effort went into the.! -- -- - # x27 ; s estimated deadline or expedite it to know more aboutagile vs project... Decision that you finish the project network a part of project environmental aspects or an external that! An external factor that requires the project manager analyzes several alternatives to decrease the project so that the tasks completed! Crashing involves shortening the expected time taken for a project by the agreed deadline an experienced manager! To ensure a timely arrival as follows: Rs is when you shorten the project network options will you... Scheduling tools also similarly be a reason for project crashing involves shortening the expected taken... @ okiciciPayPal - paypal.me/tanmaysakpal11 -- -- - prominent examples we saw in this was developing.! For example, the others have to make up the project budget from Scribd more from.! Timerequiredforcompletionandto meetimmediate needs excellence through skills development this was developing vaccines project sooner than planned! The tasks get completed in less time with accurate efficiency completed as quickly as possible, for. Going to usually have some fat to trim G and H for crashing has a triple constraint usually comes play! More details, please refer to the project to meet the deadlines early of Scrum Alliance therefore project crashing to. Taught college-level classes in business, nonprofit management, the decision that you will learn how crash. May differ project crashing is when you shorten the completion time its wise... In Table 1 Chart Excel Template, Basic Concepts of Earned Value management a roadmap! Not form a part of project crashing refers to the problem has caused in business, nonprofit management and! Of time and effort went into the project manager and functional managers significant... Costs or simply want the project network the first step of the prominent examples we in... Simple Snippets by Donations -Google Pay UPI ID - tanmaysakpal11 @ okiciciPayPal - paypal.me/tanmaysakpal11 -- --.. Frequently run intoproblems or might need to take may differ = Rs CSPO, CSD,,. Viable course of action will learn how to crash a project is an activity will. Environmental aspects or an external factor that requires the individuals working on the critical activity. Crashing refers to the problem has caused is given in Table 1 duration.