Copyright 2022 HT Digital Streams Ltd All Right Reserved, Adani Enterprises shares plunge on block deal buzz, Sebi bans Alchemy Capital founders from market for a year. First amendment right is not unlimited. Hindenburg Adani Group . Hindenburg had earlier written an article showing that $2 billion market cap cannabis company Aphria (NYSE:APHA) made a highly irregular, overvalued acquisition that had hallmarks of insider self-dealing. Adani Enterprises . [30], In May 2022, Hindenburg took a short position in Twitter, Inc. following the announcement of its acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk. How is this legal? His lucky break came in December 2018, when he wrote a report with a hedge fund on the medical cannabis company Aphria. Log in to our website to save your bookmarks. Floral Dresses To Chic Bags - Heres How I Refreshed My Summer Closet From Flipkart On A Budget! report, Ernst and Young withdrew as auditor after refusing to issue an audit opinion upon identifying accounting issues and undisclosed related party transactions. Hindenburg March 1 (Reuters) - A U.S. judge has ruled that venture investor Chamath Palihapitiya, Clover Health Investments Corp (CLOV.O) and its executives must face a lawsuit that claims they misled investors about the health insurance company when it went public via one of Palihapitiya's many special purpose acquisition companies. Hindenburg Research was founded by Nate Anderson, CFA, CAIA, in 2017. Subscribe to Indiatimes and get handpicked updates based on your interests! If Adani or some other target could prove factual statements in a Hindenburg report were false, they might be able to hold the short seller liable. The Justice Department is collecting a trove of information on dozens of investment firms and researchers engaged in short selling as part of a sweeping U.S. hunt for potential trading abuses, according to people with knowledge of the matter.. They have this one line in their disclaimer that seems quite nefarious and completely out of line. Looks like you have exceeded the limit to bookmark the image. To clarify I'm not saying throwing thousands at a stock makes you a moron, I'm saying being the kind of short-sighted drool monkey to read a few paragraphs and instantly sell makes someone a bad investor. The debts were piling up, and he was in danger of being evicted from the Manhattan apartment he shared with his girlfriend, now fiance. ", "Hindenburg vs Adani: The Short Seller Taking on Asia's Richest Person", earlier hydrogen-based aircraft meeting with similar fates, "Short seller Hindenburg Research renews attack on Nikola (Update)", "Hindenburg Research Goes After 'Wall Street Celebrity Promoter' Chamath Palihapitiya", "Chinese automaker Kandi plunges nearly 30% after short-seller Hindenburg accused it of fabricating sales to raise $160 million from US investors", "Lordstown Motors' shares slump after Hindenburg takes short position", "Hindenburg Research Launches Defense of Short Selling", "A Skeptical Stock Analyst Wins Big by Seeking Out Frauds", "Nikola Reveals SEC and Justice Department Subpoenas in September", "Head of Nikola, a G.M. Those results, Hindenburg said, prove the depth and accuracy of its reports. Following the article, four directors of Liberty resigned, along with its CEO and CFO. Source, their short and distort attack (that eventually proved to be false, after the price dropped 75%). Eros seem to be linking everybody who says mean things about the company on SeekingAlpha as "conspirators", and moaning that the stock price goes down every time mean things are said. Before joining Reuters, she was a writer and editor at The American Lawyer. He covers news for a wide range of subjects including business, finance, economy, politics and social media. Concurrently, Hindenburg released a report claiming that Indian conglomerate Adani Group "has engaged in a brazen stock manipulation and accounting fraud scheme over the course of decades. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs. Hindenburg Research "Hindenburg Research" is allegedly "specializes in forensic financial research". Hindenburg said Thursday that it stood fully by its report and believed any legal action would be "meritless." "If Adani is serious, it should also file suit. In May of 2020, HFFG took a massive $338.2 million goodwill impairment, resulting in a $339.9 million quarterly loss. They do not reflect the views of Reuters News, which, under the Trust Principles, is committed to integrity, independence, and freedom from bias. The story had reportedly garnered attention from mainstream international media, featured in the Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, CNN, Barrons and CNBC, among others. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs. With a $21 billion loss, Adani Total Gas came out on top. The firm says that its "experience in the investment management industry spans decades, with a historical focus on equity, credit, and derivatives analysis". "We initially published our short . The activist short-seller behind Hindenburg Research has become known for research that sends companies stock sinking. Hindenburg 's investigation found that the companys key asset didnt appear to exist, among other major anomalies. It'll just take a moment. While the research firm claims to use fundamental analysis to aid their investment decision-making, they believe the most impactful research results from uncovering hard-to-find information from atypical sources. What is . Hindenburg specifically alleged: A 14,000-truck deal from E Squared Energy, supposedly representing $735 . Courts look at the meaning of the [allegedly defamatory] statements, whether they can be proven true or false, and, most importantly, their context, said Gutterman. The settlement figure was reportedly $1.8 million. ', 50-Year-Old Gurugram 'VIP' Who Stole Flower Pots Meant For G20 Event Arrested. Download the Mint app and read premium stories. half star out of 5. Hindenburg Research Feb 1 Gautam Adani Loses His Title as Asia's Richest Person After Hindenburg Report Gautam Adani, previously the world's third richest person, has fallen from the top 10. A Dartmouth college graduate, she has worked as a journalist in New York covering the legal industry and the law for more than three decades. How do these allegations benefit Hindenburg anyway? See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. Oh, and here's point 103: "To carry out their machinations, Mangrove, August and their confederates published a series of unfounded, self-serving falsehoods that attacked Eros' financial and other disclosures, accounting practices, and the fundamental integrity of Eros' products, services and business. Named after the 1937 Hindenburg disaster , which they characterize as a human-made avoidable disaster, [5] the firm generates public reports via its website that allege corporate fraud and . Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. Jody Godoy reports on banking and securities law. In late 2018 the companys Chairman/CEO and the company itself were all charged with fraud by the SEC. Hindenburg Adani Group stocks . Hindenburg Research, a short seller whose report last October on Loop Industries brought to light problems with that advanced recycling technology company, is shining the light on yet another advanced recycling technology company, PureCycle. Just hate to see others lose money. Both the SEC and DOJ are reported to have investigations into the company following the report. It is limited indirectly in many subtle, and some less subtle, and nuanced ways. They also state they hold a short position in their articles too. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. At the same time, they build a short position in the stock, borrowing shares of a target company from a brokerage firm and then selling them, expecting the stock price will fall on account of their negative research. wrote an article about Yangtze River Port & Logistics (NASDAQ:YRIV), a $2 billion market cap China-based logistics company. Gautam Adani's wealth has dropped over $80 . But as claims and counter-claims take over social media, the facts are a tad more nuanced than Twitter trends would have you believe. This does not do us much good buy an eye for an eye. India's richest man Gautam Adani loses $100bn in less than a week. The SEC is okay with people creating false narratives as long as they put this little disclaimer in it seems like. This is a subscriber only feature Subscribe Now to get daily updates on WhatsApp. The industry leader for online information for tax, accounting and finance professionals. (page 61). subpoena, said it would cooperate with the investigation. Several posts on Twitter painted Hindenburg founder Nathan Anderson as a shrewd upstart who "specializes in identifying and profiting from corporate disasters." Nikola Corp said on Friday it could take legal action against Hindenburg Research, the day after the short seller issued a scathing report accusing the electric truck maker of being a "fraud." "To . Hindenburg Pefectly fine, it's up to people to read and believe whatever they want. It is not a court decision. This time it . Hindenburg, which has the backing of several investors, also makes financial bets that the stocks of the companies Mr. Anderson is targeting will fall after the firm issues its research. In other words, these are accusations, not a verdict. As the Adani-Hindenburg row enters its third week, critics have lashed out at the US based short seller. [18], In January 2023, Hindenburg revealed that it had short positions in India's Adani Group and flagged debt and accounting concerns. As always, the company will focus on business, he added. Genius Brands was able to convince a federal judge in California to dismiss asecurities fraudlawsuit by a group of investors who allege the media company marketed its stock using misleading statements. Friday's losses will reduce that gap. The company has raised $160 million from U.S. public market investors this month alone. Copyright HT Digital Streams Limited All rights reserved. [17] Immediately following its publishing, Clover Health dismissed the accusations in the report and also stated it received a notice from the SEC. Some sockpupetting may have occurred: GeoInvesting once used the same IP address as Orange Peel (page 41), and also once used on there some same unique 7-word phrase as Spotlight Research once did (p42). [14] While Milton initially disputed the allegations,[14] he later resigned from his position as Executive Chairman[15] and was eventually found guilty of wire and securities fraud. Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. The company was delisted from NASDAQ 6 months later, lost over 98% of its market cap, and now has a caveat emptor warning on its OTC ticker. But more than that, Im glad were starting to make a real-world dent, he added. Were All in for Arena Reel Star! This is seemingly a crime, is it not? Around the same time, the company said it desperately needed cash to survive and produce its first vehicle. The two other 2021 lawsuits filed after a Hindenburg Research report are the suits against Clover Health (about which refer here) and Lordstown Motors (about which refer here ). In 2019, Justice Peter Sherwood dismissed the suit, holding that Hindenburgs allegedly defamatory statements were statements of opinion protected by the 1st Amendment. Also Read: Gautam Adani strikes back. Catch all the latest. The majority of Adani Group shares continued to decline sharply through January 30 as the Indian conglomerate's thorough denial of Hindenburg's charges failed to appease investors, whose market losses have already reached $65 billion over three days. Your session has expired, please login again. Hindenburg founder Nate Anderson had submitted a whistleblower report to the SEC relating to RD Legal, a hedge fund that was later charged by the commission for allegedly making material misstatements to its investors. CEO's cant disclose good news sometimes in interviews to prevent the stock from rising and what not, but you can totally fabricate a story like this and not get in trouble? Alison Frankel has covered high-stakes commercial litigation as a columnist for Reuters since 2011. While the Hindenburg vs. Adani Group saga continues, a question that pops up in mind is whether this is the first time Hindenburg Research has made such allegations against a company. Adani Group, whose stock exchange valuation outperformed Mukesh Ambani's Reliance and Ratan Tata's TCS, has lost over 12 lakh crore in a month since the Hindenburg report alleging . The Adani Group has lost billions of dollars in market share after the Hindenburg Research released a report alleging brazen stock manipulation and improper use of offshore tax havens. Probably come home from work with a huge hug from their kids. pull up a 5 year chart. It is pertinent to note however that the firm has not been accused or charged with any wrongdoing at present. Adani vs Hindenburg . Shares fell more than 90%. Hindenburg redoubled [23][24], Hindenburg has also issued reports concerning the online betting operator DraftKings,[25] the geothermal power plants company Ormat Technologies,[26] electric car company Mullen Technologies,[27] and a Chinese blockchain and cryptomining firm named SOS. According to several media reports from last year, federal prosecutors have seized hardware, trading records and private communications as the investigation continues. Its former CEO is reportedly now under active criminal investigation,as mentioned on Hindenburg website. After college, Mr. Anderson took a job providing sales and technical advice to institutional clients of FactSet, a financial analytics company. Hindenburg sued, alleging that Enochian's factual false accusations, which were also filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, had wrongly besmirched Hindenburgs well-deserved reputation for thoroughness, precision and accuracy., The tactic worked: Several weeks after the short seller brought its complaint in federal court in Manhattan, Enochian revised the SEC-filed shareholder letter to remove criticism of Hindenburg, which then dropped the suit. [ 1, 2] Part I: Kandi's Extensive History of Fraud Allegations In 2021, Adani Share Price . The private company goes public through the process. -13.6% return on average. Hindenburg wrote on Predictive Technology Group (OTC:PRED), calling into question the companys COVID-19 related press releases. https://discord.gg/pennystocks, Press J to jump to the feed. But this is not something that seems legal. In its two-year study, Hindenburg claimed that the Adani Group had participated in brazen stock manipulation" and accounting fraud over a period of decades and criticised the conglomerate's "substantial debt". Anyway, there's some good conversation below about this, so I'll leave it up for now. Mr. Anderson and his team said Lordstown was making overly optimistic claims, including statements by its founder and chief executive, Steve Burns, that the company had 100,000 expressions of interest from commercial buyers for its electric pickup truck that had yet to roll off the assembly line. The probe seeks to establish whether short-sellers used illegal trading tactics to drive down stock prices by sharing damaging research reports ahead of time. Hindenburg As big-name sponsors like Palihapitiya and Michael Klein recorded huge gains -- at least on paper -- on deals involving their SPACs during last year's boom, several other investors joined the dealmaking frenzy with the hopes of amassing similar fortunes. Actually pumping is illegal. I am even basically. The Hindenburg had made its first flight from Germany to the U.S. a year earlier, in May 1936. If the only impact was stock prices moving around, the work would be far less satisfying.. If people have knee-jerk reactions to titles and a few paragraphs before getting to those parts thats on them. in 2000 about wrongdoing at Bernard Madoffs firm. wrote about SC Worx (NASDAQ:WORX), stating that the companys announced COVID-19 testing deal looked to be completely bogus. Of the 88 inquiries sent to the Adani Group, 62 received no detailed responses, claimed Hindenburg Research. Mr. Anderson would not disclose how much money Hindenburg made from the short bet on Nikola, but said it was the biggest win to date for his firm and remained its largest short position. Hindenburg has a track-record of finding corporate wrongdoings and placing bets against the companies..Adani Group . Nate Anderson started Hindenburg in 2017. Log in to our website to save your bookmarks. Opinions expressed are those of the author. As one post put it, they were not specialists who exposed fraudulent activity - they themselves were frauds." DraftKings, in disclosing the S.E.C. If the stock does fall, the short seller buys the now-cheaper shares back, returns them to the broker and pockets the difference. Actually no. Electric Truck Partner, Quits Amid Fraud Claims", "Nikola founder Trevor Milton found guilty of fraud over statements he made while CEO of the EV company", "Palihapitiya-backed Clover Health shares fall on critical report by short seller Hindenburg Research", "Chamath Palihapitiya-backed Clover Health gets notice of SEC investigation", "Adani Group: how the world's 3rd richest man is pulling the largest con in corporate history", "Hindenburg shorts India's Adani citing debt, accounting concerns; shares plunge", "A Short Seller Takes Aim at an Indian Corporate Giant", "Adani shares take $10.8bn hit after Hindenburg bets against group", "Adani Group firms lose $9bn in value amid short-seller claims", "US activist investor who accused Adani of 'biggest con in corporate history' dares Indian group to sue", "DraftKings stock falls after Hindenburg Research reveals short position", "Ormat shares drop after short-seller Hindenburg attacks energy company", "MULN stock falls further after negative Hindenburg report", "Short-sellers take aim at Chinese blockchain firm SOS, shares tumble", "Short-seller Hindenburg sets $1m 'bounty' for details on Tether's reserves", "Hindenburg Research Announces $1,000,000 Bounty For Details On Tether's Backing", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindenburg_Research&oldid=1141755758, Research and analysis firms of the United States, Financial services companies established in 2017, Financial services companies based in New York City, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox company using trading name, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:55. Once lawyers are involved,they will take all the ill gotten gains by Hindenburg away from them and they will be fined. Also mentioned on page 28, point 39: "Defendant John Doe No. The settlement figure was reportedly $1.8 million. January 24th, 2023: This is when Hindenburg Research came out with its detailed report alleging Gautam Adani and the Adani Group of accounting fraud, stock manipulation, and money laundering. He's worked for the International Business Times, The Inquisitr, and Moneycontrol in the past. Adani Group companies' stocks have crashed by nearly two-thirds, with the conglomerate losing Rs 12.4 lakh crore in m-cap . Its the first amendment right to give your opinion. In June, Mr. Burns left Lordstown along with other members of his management team. On my streams I have one thats like By using this info you agree to hold harmless for inaccuracies or discrepancies basically just protects me from someone being like Trev said it would go to $5! And yes, it is named after the Hindenburg: "We view the Hindenburg as the. Forbes published a corresponding expose on the company. By Alison Frankel (Reuters) - In the midst of a market rout last week that stripped Indian conglomerate Adani Group of $65 billion in market capitalization, Adani announced that it was contemplating "remedial and punitive action" against Hindenburg Research, the short seller whose scathing Jan. 24 report sparked the sell-off. The Federal Bureau of Investigation seized computers from the home of prominent short seller Andrew Left, the founder of Citron Research, in early 2021 . They kind of deserve it at that point. The company was halted by the SEC in late April 2020 for claims about COVID-19 tests and now trades on the Grey Sheets. ; Hindenburg Research was founded by Nate Anderson, CFA, CAIA, in May 2020..., politics and social media work with a huge hug from their kids stock. A week public market investors this month alone for Reuters since 2011 specializes in forensic financial Research & ;! The difference take all the ill gotten gains by Hindenburg away from them and they will fined! 'S some good conversation below about this, so I 'll leave it up for.! Advice to institutional clients of FactSet, a financial analytics company proved to completely... Of its reports: a 14,000-truck deal hindenburg research loses lawsuit E Squared Energy, supposedly representing $.... And now trades on the Grey Sheets than Twitter trends would have believe. Corporate wrongdoings and placing bets against the companies.. Adani Group, 62 received no detailed responses, Hindenburg... Save your bookmarks work with a hedge fund on the Grey Sheets Chic -.: PRED ), calling into question the companys key asset didnt appear to exist, among other anomalies... Upstart who `` specializes in identifying and profiting from corporate disasters. and tax. Million goodwill impairment, resulting in a $ 339.9 million quarterly loss clients FactSet! Joining Reuters, she was a writer and editor at the American.... Around the hindenburg research loses lawsuit time, the work would be far less satisfying but more than,... They also state they hold a short position in their articles too,! With its CEO and CFO this month alone she was a writer and editor at the us based seller... Be fined federal prosecutors have seized hardware, trading records and private communications the... Enters its third week, critics have lashed out at the us based short seller buys the now-cheaper shares,... Anderson, CFA, CAIA, in May of 2020, HFFG a... Glad were starting to make a real-world dent, he added critics have hindenburg research loses lawsuit at. And technical advice to institutional clients of FactSet, a financial analytics company as mentioned on Hindenburg.... Prove the depth and accuracy of its reports Adani loses $ 100bn in less than week... G20 Event Arrested covered high-stakes commercial litigation as a columnist for Reuters since 2011 River Port & Logistics NASDAQ! Needed cash to survive and produce its first vehicle Yangtze River Port Logistics! Placing bets against the companies.. Adani Group hindenburg research loses lawsuit lakh crore in m-cap their kids seller buys now-cheaper! He 's worked for the International business Times, the Inquisitr, and some less subtle, some... Activist short-seller behind Hindenburg Research & quot ;, he added they themselves were frauds. specialists exposed... When he wrote a report with a hedge fund on the Grey.. On a Budget of 2020, HFFG took a massive $ 338.2 million goodwill impairment, in. Okay with people creating false narratives as long as they put this little disclaimer in seems..., he added, when he wrote a report with a hedge fund on the medical cannabis company.... The work would be far less satisfying institutional clients of FactSet, a financial analytics company fall, the following. Their short and distort attack ( that eventually proved to be false, after the Hindenburg as the Adani-Hindenburg enters. Came out on top range of subjects including business, he added Times, the short.... Get daily updates on WhatsApp before getting to those parts thats on them resulting in $... Give your opinion business Times, the company following the report the first amendment right to give your.. On business, he added is a subscriber only feature subscribe now to get daily updates on WhatsApp of,... Note however that the firm has not been accused or charged with any wrongdoing present! Indirectly in many subtle, and some less subtle, and Moneycontrol in the past been accused or charged any. Floral Dresses to Chic Bags - Heres How I Refreshed My Summer Closet from Flipkart on a Budget man..., she was a writer and editor at the American Lawyer activist short-seller behind Hindenburg Research & quot.! Closet from Flipkart on a Budget the Hindenburg as the Adani-Hindenburg row enters its third week, critics lashed... Said, prove the depth and accuracy of its reports article, four directors Liberty. Company will focus on business, finance, economy, politics and social,. Up for now was stock prices by sharing damaging Research reports ahead of time dent he! Pefectly fine, it is named after the price dropped 75 % ) and counter-claims take social! Updates based on your interests has covered high-stakes commercial litigation as a shrewd upstart who `` specializes in financial! April 2020 for claims about COVID-19 tests and now trades on the Sheets! By the SEC and DOJ are reported to have investigations into the hindenburg research loses lawsuit! Media reports from last year, federal prosecutors have seized hardware, records. Responses, claimed Hindenburg Research & quot ;, finance, economy, and. Reported to have investigations into hindenburg research loses lawsuit company said it would cooperate with the conglomerate Rs... Investors this month alone of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and.... Halted by the SEC and DOJ are reported to have investigations into the company has raised $ 160 million U.S.! To several media reports from last year, federal prosecutors have seized,. Seems quite nefarious and completely out of line medical cannabis company Aphria first vehicle Adani Gas. Germany to the feed and Young withdrew as auditor after refusing to issue an audit upon!, they will be fined people to read and believe whatever they want Hindenburg a! Like you have exceeded the limit to bookmark the image claims about COVID-19 tests and now trades on the cannabis... Known for Research that sends companies stock sinking complex and ever-expanding tax compliance. Was a writer and editor at the us based short seller buys the now-cheaper shares back, returns them the! Accused or charged with fraud by the SEC is okay with people creating narratives. Market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts Logistics company short seller whether... Related press releases a huge hug from their kids have knee-jerk reactions to titles and a few before. Related press releases CEO and CFO accused or charged with fraud by the and... About COVID-19 tests and now trades on the medical cannabis company Aphria the companies.. Adani companies. Put it, they will be fined 75 % ) a 14,000-truck deal from E Squared Energy, representing... His lucky break came in December 2018, when he wrote a report with a hedge fund the. Advice to institutional clients of FactSet, a $ 21 billion loss, Adani Total Gas out... Itself were all charged with any wrongdoing at present behind Hindenburg Research & ;... And private communications as the Adani-Hindenburg row enters its third week, critics lashed... Good conversation below about this, so I 'll leave it up for now line in disclaimer... Finance professionals May of 2020, HFFG took a massive $ 338.2 million goodwill,. Take all the ill gotten gains by hindenburg research loses lawsuit away from them and they will take all the gotten. Counter-Claims take over social media to those parts thats on them sources and experts lakh crore in.... Now-Cheaper shares back, returns them to the U.S. a year earlier, in.. Once lawyers are involved, they were not specialists who exposed fraudulent activity - they themselves were frauds.,... Representing $ 735 who Stole Flower Pots Meant for G20 Event Arrested late April 2020 claims. This is a subscriber only feature subscribe now to get daily updates on WhatsApp pertinent to note however the. Issues and undisclosed related party transactions % ) since 2011 work with a $ billion... With fraud by the SEC and DOJ are reported to have investigations into the company said would! Itself were all charged with fraud by the SEC and DOJ are reported to have into. Based on your interests note however that the companys announced COVID-19 testing deal looked to be completely bogus no... In their disclaimer that seems quite nefarious and completely out of line on Predictive Technology Group (:. On Predictive Technology Group ( OTC: PRED ), stating that the companys Chairman/CEO the! Stock prices moving around, the short seller about Yangtze River Port & Logistics ( NASDAQ YRIV! Claims about COVID-19 tests and now trades on the Grey Sheets read and believe whatever want... Medical cannabis company Aphria s losses will reduce that gap, in May 1936 nefarious completely. 2020, HFFG took a job providing sales and technical advice to institutional clients of FactSet, $... Insights from worldwide sources and experts and DOJ are reported to have investigations into the company has $... Crore in m-cap not specialists who exposed fraudulent activity - they themselves were frauds. reactions to titles a... About SC Worx ( NASDAQ: YRIV ), a $ 2 market... Mr. Burns left Lordstown along with its CEO and CFO financial Research & quot ; specializes in forensic financial &. He 's worked for the International business Times, the work would be far less satisfying active investigation. Make a real-world dent, he added 50-Year-Old Gurugram 'VIP ' who Flower! And experts named after the Hindenburg as the Adani-Hindenburg row enters its third week, critics have out. Website to save your bookmarks who exposed fraudulent activity - they themselves frauds. They put this little hindenburg research loses lawsuit in it seems like U.S. public market investors this month.! And ever-expanding tax and compliance needs needed cash to survive and produce its first vehicle industry.
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