It is a common belief that these actions are good actions that satisfy God and pursue Him to help them. From this is can be appreciated that, while people do date casually, most casual relationships are approached particularly earnestly as there is a certain risk involved. The interests of the family can supersede the needs of a single individual. All these things calm me down and give me strength. These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. In the first pattern, religious actions are rooted in religious beliefs. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. T raditionally Iranian culture has been patriarchal with the father or the husband at the head of the family and household. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? However, in 1979, the Islamic Revolution overthrew the secular monarchy and the Islamic Republic was subsequently established. One possible reason for this is that, for these interviewees, religion is a larger part of [their] orientation system (Ahmad, Citation2006, p. 28). The government does not approve of casual dating or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the genders. Being struck by a serious illness like cancer can result in the loss of confidence and security in life. This perspective includes both religious and secular cultural settings, especially Muslim ones. MODULE 9: Filipino Culture, Values, and Practices in relation to Health Care of Individual and Family. The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. The culture of sitting next to the table, pickles, flavors, sweets, and the rituals of its beginning and end, or hosting, and serving food is one of the main pillars, also shows this importance. Culture impacts the way a person views life, values, social norms, and other aspects that constitute daily life, including health and diseases. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. In this regard, a 60-year-old woman explained: I feel extreme closeness to God. Debase, The health care beliefs and values of Mexican-Americans. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam practiced according to the Twelver Jafari school. The modernization processes that took place in the 20th century, until the Islamic revolution, changed the situation with the modern and educated classes. However, as men dominate the public sphere and hold more decision-making power, womens authority is mostly limited to the domestic space. One of the most interesting finding from the present study is that although several interviewees reported relying on God, their coping methods cannot be defined as passive. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well'. If something is going to happen, God knows and writes. As mentioned before, sacred here is not defined in a religious context, but an inwardly sanctification context. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. One can notice it in the institutions dedicated to technology and medical sciences, but also in the general populations remarkable mobilisation of multiple social networks. Another coping method in this category is Punishing God Reappraisal. After explaining the purpose of the study and ensuring confidentiality, informed consent for audio-recording the interview was obtained from the informants. The country faces the common problem of other young . We use cookies to improve your website experience. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. Seer: It is garlic and represents medicine or health. Shia Muslims believe that Imams are not dead, but alive; and if one visits Imams in holy places, they may mediate to heal ones sickness and help solve ones problems. If faced with criticism, Iranians are likely to deny any fault in order to avoid dishonour. While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. Health beliefs: In some cultures, people believe that talking about a possible poor health outcome will cause that outcome to occur. For example, at one point, all music and dancing were banned and Iranians had to carefully hide the activities they loved underground. My job is sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, I am helping to keep the . It is in the remembrance of Allh alone that the hearts really find peace.Footnote3 Holy places may play the role of a safe haven in which one can experience peace and safety a place to freely discharge negative affects and emotions; this may be similar to the idea of catharsis. The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. A study conducted on Arab Muslims' health beliefs and priorities for health care highlighted important misinterpretations of the concept of predestination, suggesting that some would not . Method In a qualitative content analysis approach, we searched for the factors promoting spirituality among a selection . Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. Culture influences, accordingly, the complex whole of social life: its institutions, laws, knowledge, customs, morals and lifestyles (Ahmadi, Citation2006). Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. I did Nazr without understanding why. Collaborative religious coping refers to a search for control through a partnership with God. Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. Traditions, cultural values, attitudes and behaviors help in children's rearing in the society and relays the family structure from generation to generation [ 7 ]. Article. Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. These kinds of coping methods can be viewed as a search for meaning that has no connection whatsoever to religion or religious symbols, or no obvious connection to a sacred religious/spiritual source. I think one thing that helped me was to walk this path alone. Staying Single: What Most People Do If They Divorce After 50. As we explained above, among this group, for instance, devotional habits are more cultural than religious. External Factors. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. A Minor Leap Down, an Iranian film featured at international film festivals in Berlin and Toronto, illustrates the struggle of a 30-year-old Iranian woman named Nahal, whose deteriorating mental health is undermined by her family. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. Family beliefs define what you think is essential and what is good. It is important for non-Muslims to understand that many Iranians generally recognise the government as the source of their complaint, not Islam. Iran has been swift and forthcoming in adopting and bringing forward new ideas. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. 6. Iranian women have traditionally been some of the most liberal in their interpretation of the hijab, often wearing a shayla significantly looser than what is customary in most other Muslim cultures. They were conducted face-to-face and in Persian; all interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. This religious governance directly affects the public, political, economic and legal aspects of people's lives. Moreover, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious, as if s/he had visited the lost loved ones. At the same time Iranians will try to bring the outdoors inside whenever possible. Ziyarat is, however, not merely a way of reaching God to ask for help. While this is statistically unlikely to happen, it is a consideration that affects behaviour. So I prepared a notebook and started to write about whatever was going to happen. One contributing factor may be that women in Iran are often confined to the home, leading to isolation and poor domestic conditions. Although recognition of mental-health problems in Iran has arguably increased over the past few years, considerable stigma still exists. Being Muslim and professing the prophecy of Muhammad is not enough for salvation in the absence of believing in Shia Imams (Khoshkjan Citation2016, p. 3). We found two patterns. Some citizens are challenging the government through acts of civil resistance (knowingly breaking the law) because the restrictions are much more authoritarian and paternalistic than what many Iranians desire and believe is true to Islam. The concepts and topics of spirituality and secular meaning-making coping also overlap, but there is no overlap between secular and religious concepts and topics. I begged Him not to let me die in pain. Iran, officially recognized as the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a population of more than 84 million.It is an arid and mountainous country between Iraq and Afganistan with shores on the Persian and Caspian Sea. These are primarily their family members and close friends. Vegetables are central to the Iranian diet, with onions an ingredient of virtually every dish. In A Minor Leap Down, filmmaker Rajabi addresses the over-prescription of psychotropic medication in Iran, explaining: Depression signifies that a part of our lives hurtand taking pills wont solve anything until we distinguish which part of our life is causing the problem.. Still, when religion plays a predominant role as a coping resource, this is often because the individual has few or limited other alternatives available in his/her immediate sociocultural context. Even today with rampant urbanization, Iranians value nature and make every attempt to spend time in the open air. This was not about my feelings and emotions but it was a kind of future writing. Values are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Most Christians are Armenian in origin (Statistical Center of Iran, Citation2018). Arranged marriage is generally not a cultural practice but can be found in some isolated rural areas. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. The eye is a pragmatic element in both cultures. In accomplishing this, we started from the project aim, using previous results from the project as a whole. These values define what is meaningful to your familythe beliefs and ideas that bind your family together. The individual may endorse self-directed methods because he/she is not very religious and does not involve God in the coping process. It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. Full-text available. Iranian culture is patriarchal, legally and culturally males have more rights and privileges than females. It is a symbol of love. Most Iranians seem to be unified across ethnic divides. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. One is Support from Saints and Imams but not Clergy. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. Iranian culture has influenced cultures and peoples in different parts of the world including Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. One interviewee, a 42-year-old man, explained that: This test was important to me to understand what life is about. They verified the process of coding and categorisation. It is worth noting that all interviews were conducted and audio-recorded upon obtaining informed consent from the informants. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Our . Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. Family culture influences the way each family member thinks, feels, and acts on a daily basis. However, Iranians generally do not try to talk themselves up to defend their honour. Christians are the largest minority religion population, at 2,50,000 to 3,70,000. In Iran, people generally feel able to relax their moral codes of behaviour and reveal the private side of their life when surrounded by people from their inner circle. To be able to appreciate other cultures' health values, beliefs, and behaviors, increased cultural c If a child knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him responsibility. Previously, people usually only dated after high school; however, it is becoming common for teenagers to do so. Perhaps the biggest implication the system of governance has had on Iranian culture relates to the way Iranians conduct themselves in public and private. We learn from our parents, but also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose such beliefs consciously. Dating practices vary significantly between regions, and are impacted by attitudes and education. They help each other through difficulties, and are always there for each other through thick and thin. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. It is uncommon for people to overtly express themselves or publicly identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. Culture is one of the most important factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran. Most Iranian expats living in Australia are likely to have a more progressive understanding of womens rights as many arrive fleeing the harsh policies of the Iranian government. Mental illness in a family member is viewed as a familial flaw. The notion of solidarity helps us to understand how people of different generations relate to, help and depend on one another in their daily lives. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). In cultures where there are many non-religious resources and where religion plays a less important role in daily life, religion may be less important in the coping process. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. We don't wish to prevent doctors from practising in line with their beliefs and values, as long as they also follow the guidance in Good medical practice. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. Therefore, behaviour in Iran is regulated to adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations of the Quran. In a professional context where both males and females may be employed, people are cautious to maintain a physical distance from the other gender. Passive Religious Deferral refers to passive waiting for God to control the situation. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. Three experts performed the peer examination. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. As in other studies in the international project, after translation of the transcribed interviews, the interview protocols were coded in line with the themes found in the study using a thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, Citation2006) and the MAXQDA software (version 12). Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. Mexicans are very As concerns religious coping, we started from the Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, Citation2000, p. 521). It seems that making decision for cesarean is done under the influence of cultural perceptions and beliefs. Here believing in the evil eye was in focus. After the coding process was complete, we established the fundamental characteristics of the methods the informants employed to cope with their cancer disease. The purpose of the project is to explore, from a sociological perspective, different forms of meaning-making coping (existential, spiritual, and religious coping) used by people who have been struck by cancer and, thereby, to attempt to understand the effect of culture on the use of these coping strategies. Ceremonies for weddings in Iran has different sections; proposal, Bale Boroon, Hana Bandan, the wedding day, Pagosha, and honeymoon are a happy part of Iranian Culture. One of the most notable characteristics of the Iranian people is their thirst for knowledge. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. Stigma surrounding psychological disorders in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates barriers to pursuing treatment. Family values are important to the structure and well-being of the family. Today, the conservative interpretations of Islam have become a major social force and dictate much of what Iranians can and cannot do. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. However, individuals may not necessarily believe in these actions and instead fake them for the sake of their safety and reputation. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. Montazeri et al. As people dont want to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations. As Ahmad, explains: Besides, the religious consciousness of Islam is not concentrated on a historical fact, but rather on a meta-historical, or better, trans-historical fact of the primordial covenant (mithaq) between man and God as understood from the Sura 7:172 in the Quran. This means women commonly get passed over for jobs, earn less and receive lower allowances as it is expected that their male family member will support them. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. I definitively believe that pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect on curing the disease. 7. between religion, personal values or beliefs, and a professional clinical judgement. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. This is based on the traditional idea that people should protect their personal and family honour by giving a public impression of dignity and integrity. Culture is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being, as well as provide meaning to life. The term "family values" has become a popular phrase in recent years. Health customs: In some cultures, family members play a large role in health care decisionmaking. Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients, Attitude of patients living in Switzerland about cancer and its treatment, Positive psychology from Islamic perspective, Pilgrimage and its dual functions in Iranian Shiitsm, Beliefs about causes of cancer in cancer patients, Uppsala University, Department of Theology, The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. All people may gain the prestige of a familys success or bear the responsibility for a familys dishonour. In our study, we observed interviewees who preferred to rely on themselves rather than God for Reason A, above. According to the scripture, there should be a partition (hijab) between men and women that are not related (non-mahram). Centuries of gender discrimination and segregation of sexes has created distinct roles and codes of behavior for both the sexes and many are still practiced today. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. When religion is a highly accessible resource that is always available in a persons sociocultural context, it is likely that, in times of crisis, the person will turn to religion instead of other resources. The most beloved Imam among Iranians is Imam Reza, whose tomb is in Iran. Role of Mother: Traditionally, Hmong mothers nurture and take care of the children. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Religion, culture and illness: a sociological study on religious coping in Iran, Department of Social Work and Psychology, University of Gvle, Gvle, Sweden, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Counseling Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Nursing, Khoy Medical Sciences Faculty, Urmia Medical Sciences University, Khoy, Iran, Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Swedish Agency for Work Environment Knowledge, Gvle, Sweden, Initial development of the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, Non-Hajj pilgrimage in Islam: A neglected dimension of religious circulation, A contrastive study of Arabic and Persian formulas against the evil eye used by women, Does being religious help or hinder coping with chronic illness? In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. They ensure civil law and court decisions abide by the principles of Islam, and are generally highly conservative. The present article is confined to the results obtained in our study in Iran and restricted to religious coping methods. Completely surrounded by God, I put myself and my destiny in His hands. And this is the way he wants to remind me. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. Figure 1. Ziyarat seems, to be composed of subsystems that have developed in several cultural contexts, each of which shares the universal characteristics of Islam, but also reflects [the regional] cultural distinctivenesscontrary to Hajj, the behavior of the individuals in the ziarat [Ziyarat], reflects the cultural context and the individuals existential questthere are no uniformity prescribed rules. It is also considered quite prestigious to be able to trace ones heritage back for centuries. In above citation, we see a passive approach to facing ones illness and totally relying on God. Italian Culture and Its Impact on the World. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). Individuals' families also play a role in the way health is perceived. View. We found two patterns. The requirement for reliability was met by ensuring variation in the participants type of cancer, age, gender, occupation and education. Herding has long been a traditional part of the economy, and dairy productsmilk, cheese, and particularly yogurtare common ingredients in Persian dishes. The concept of imamat is important to the Shiites.Footnote5 They believe that, without imamat, the faith of Muslims is not complete. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). Comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts read. Support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies has become a popular phrase in recent.... To our bad habits and way of life actions are rooted in religious beliefs at 2,50,000 to.! Themselves rather than God for Reason a, above not necessarily believe in actions. The picture ensuring variation in the open air settings, especially Muslim ones the Traditional of! In Traditional families, the informants floor after dinner and by doing this task, am... Is perceived a person shows, the patient tries to gain comfort control. Can draw quick dislike and denigration on a daily basis chief Editor: T.. 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