Macrosociology refers to sociological approaches and methods that examine large-scale patterns and trends within the overall social structure, system, and population. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". b. the socialized function of social institutions Micro Sociology and Macro Sociology. Macro- and Microsociology. For example, Feagin's research, which also produced the theory of systemic racism, demonstrates how White people in the United States, both knowingly and otherwise, constructed and have maintained over centuries a racist social system by keeping control of core social institutions like politics, law, education, and media, and by controlling economic resources and limiting their distribution among people of color. This is an example of the _____. b. master statuses b. Gesellschaft scoiety a. teachers lecturing despite personal problems d. social construction of reality, The Amish way of life is an example of _____. Macro and Micro Sociology both have applications when studying sociology. d. ascribed statuses, Jamie was determined not to be like his father, who could never hold a job. c. role strain c. is based on mechanical solidarity b. role strain d. status envy, Janie is disappointed with her job as a waitress at "The Dew Drop Inn." Micro- and macro-level studies each have their own benefits and drawbacks. a. their social status B. Microsociology places the emphasis on social interaction, or what people do when they come together. You are experiencing _____. \text{c.} & \text{\$ 500} & \text{\$ 300} & \text{ } & \text{\$ 500} & \text{ } & \text{ }\\ d. role conflict, Brenda's brother spilled soda on the carpet, and both Brenda and her brother know they will be in trouble, the brother for spilling the soda and Brenda for not watching him more carefully. Both micro and macro-sociological theories can be applied to individual interactions. . They set the stage for interaction. This question hasn't been solved yet Ask an expert 21. c. view social institutions as changing a. morality There is a back region, or stage, that can also be considered a hidden or private place where individuals can be themselves and step out of their role or identity in society. Distinguish between ascribed and achieved social statuses, master statuses, and status symbols. Explain why we need both macrosociology and microsociology to understand social life. c. because social structures sets the context for what we do, feel, and think, as societies change, so do people's orientations to life This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. d. village society, Sociologist Ferdinant Tonnies analyzed the fundamental change from village to urban life where everyone knows everyone else and people think alike is a. the situational response d. mechanical solidarity, In contemporary society, social solidarity is based on a division of labor. a. conflict theorists Because social structure and social interaction influence human behavior, macrosociology and microsociology are essential to understanding social life. Example of Macrosociology Studying social revolutions, such as in Theda Skocpol's (1947) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (1979). The U.S. prison and jail population has grown fivefold in the 40 years since the early 1970s. Use dramaturgy to analyze a situation with which you are intimately familiar (such as interaction with your family or friends or at work or in one of your college classes). b. organic solidarity d. face-to-face interaction, How people view things (the meaning that things have for people) is a primary focus of MicrosociologistsRios, and Pascoe includedtypically use research methods that involve direct interaction with research participants, like one-on-one interviews, ethnographic observation, focus groups, as well as smaller-scale statistical and historical analyses. Combine these steps using the formula FV$=$\mathrm{PV}$ \times(1+i)^n$to find the future value of$\$3,000$ in 3 years at 12 percent interest. In each of these cases, the level of inquiry is micro. c. social institutions Anthropologist Edward Hall recounts an incident in which he talked with a student from South America. Why are both levels of analysis necessary? b. microsociologists d. a back stage, A society that uses contracts instead of handshakes is an example of _____. c. Gesellschaft A. d. separated by law and custom, The social institutions Sociology includes both macrosociology and microsociology; microsociology examines the study of people in face-to-face interactions, and macrosociology involves the study of widespread social processes. With industrialization comes organic solidarity (people depend on one another to do their more specialized jobs. a. symbolic interactionists In social interaction, like in theatrical performance, there is a front region where the actors (individuals) are on stage in front of the audience. For example, macrosociology might look at statistics to see whether growing up in poverty is likely to lead kids to have a lower level of education. People work at specialized jobs that, taken together, contribute to one another's welfare. These are two different perspectives for studying sociological trends in populations. a. new social institutions However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. . a. the kitchen a. basic distance zones b. social integration True Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Sociologist Juliet Schor examines this question in her classic book of economic and. Micro-level sociology looks at small-scale interactions between individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics. a. macrosociology ThoughtCo. c. our interpretation of facts (reality) 26) Robert k. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups. a. the social construction of reality Provide an example of social construction of reality using both macro-level and microsociology to analyze it. Culture lays the broadest framework, while social class divides people according to income, education, and occupational prestige. Macrosociology will give a Ascribed statuses Macrosociology focuses on the broad features of society, from international relations to factors that affect the unemployment rate. a. conflict theorists Explain how the components of social structure influence your life. Micro-level sociology looks at small-scale interactions between individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics. Studying social life on the micro-level is a more recent development (in the early and mid-twentieth century) in the history of the field, and was pioneered by proponents of the symbolic interactionism perspective, namely George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer, and Erving Goffmann. b. functionalism b. age b. taken over by more powerful groups 1. a. master status It is actively created as we act in and toward the world. Sociologists Emile Durkheim called this form of social solidarity Sociology. d. microsociology, What is the term that is used to describe the framework of society that surrounds us? c. housework is not naturally women's work and should be shared by men and women The size of people's personal bubbles varies from one culture to another. Functionalists and conflict theorists tend to use a macrosociological approach, while symbolic interactionists are likely to use a microsociological approach. d. mechanical solidarity, This kind of society has greater tolerance for diverse orientations to life (behaviors, attitudes, beliefs) because solidarity depends on a division of labor, mot on living close to one another and sharing the same kind of work When looking Read More Social structure is defined as __. He was later arrested for drugs and sent to a reformatory. d. the Thomas theorem, According to the Thomas theorem (developed by William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas), also called the definition of the situation, we do not act on facts (reality) but on d. all societies need to be controlled by a superior elite, social institutions are the ways that a society meets its basic needs, A fundamentalist was speaking to an intro class to sociology. Culture and social class establish the broad context for your behavior. Why are both macro and microsociology necessary to understand life in society do you believe you would like one form of study better than the other why? Question 21 20 pts Why are both macrosociology and microsociology so important to understanding society? a. what people do in one anothers presence b. how schools fail marginal students It investigates large-scale social forces and the effects they have on entire societies and the groups within them. True b. impression management 4.1 Distinguish between macrosociology and microsociology. On the other hand, microsociology focuses on smaller groups, patterns, and trends, typically at the community level and in the context of the everyday lives and experiences of people. a. Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, On a sheet of paper, fill in a chart like the one below. a. bewilderment and shock Background assumptions are the things we assume to be normal, the way life "is." c. a background assumption What effect does the presence of police in schools and communities have on the personal development and life paths of Black and Latino boys who grow up in inner-city neighborhoods? \text{Case Revenues} & \text{Variable Costs} & \text{Fixed Costs} & \text{Total Costs} & \text{Operating Income} & \text{Contribution Margin Percentage}\\ False, Which level of sociological analysis examines the relationships of groups to one another? d. organic solidarity, This main point lies behind the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft and mechanical and organic solidarity $$ She was referring to what functionalists call Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? b. organic solidarity b. background assumptions b. the new contemporary society a. functionalism Other scholars have since developed new research questions and methods for studying micro-level social processes. d. the hallway that runs between offices or classrooms, Brenda decided that she would try to get Jed interested in her. b. symbolic interaction Microsociology is the study of interactions between two individuals while macrosociology studies society as a whole. a. a sign-vehicle a. social class How are microsociology and macrosociology connected? b. think that powerful groups manipulate the social institutions a. how the American dream can come true if you keep working hard c. most primary teachers are women State the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. b. education b. impression management Both macrosociology and microsociology are needed to underst and human behavior because we must grasp both social structure and social interaction. We tend to incorporate roles into our self-concept, especially roles we play repetitively. a. student Differentiate between Macro and Micro analysis of economy. You can use two of its subdisciplines, macro sociology and micro sociology, to gain a deeper understanding of social institutions, rituals and cultural differences between social groups. & \text{\$ 2.500} & \text{ } & \text{\$ 200} & \text{ } & \text{ \$ 900} & \text{ }\\ Both functionalism and conflict are from macrosociology, while interactionism is from microsociology (see Figure 1). In macrosociology the focus is placed on large-scale features of social life, while in microsociology, the focus is on social interaction. In gynecological examinations, team players work together to promote the definition of nonsexuality. c. social structure Microsociological research, due to its smaller-scale, is more likely to yield the suggestion of correlation or causation between certain things, rather than prove it outright. b. are ways that the wealthy and powerful reserve the social order so that they can maintain their positions of privilege We use the sign-vehicles of setting, appearance, and manner to manage impressions. If you think of an entire team's positions, you have an example of d. for reasons we don't yet fully understand, men are more attracted to positions of power than are women, gender is an element of social structure, with social institutions dividing males and females into separate groups, each with unequal access to society's resources, The basic view of functionalists is that social institutions This area of study is extremely important, as it enables sociologists to identify trends and patterns in society. At birth, you are assigned ascribed statuses, such as you sex and race-ethnicity. A. d. social institutions with differing agendas produce social conflict, powerful groups manipulate social institutions to maintain their own privileged positions, A society that depends on one another to contribute to various groups through their specific work is exhibiting what form of solidarity? a. ascribed status c. social solidarity 1 The Scope of Sociology Macro and Micro sociology Some sociologists concentrate on the study of small groups and the patterns and processes of human social relations, i. face to face interactions between humans. c. role conflict The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Because social structure and social interaction influence human behavior, macrosociology and microsociology are essential to understanding social life. Though they take very different approaches to studying society, social problems, and people, macro- and microsociology both yield deeply valuable research conclusions that aid our ability to understand our social world, the problems that course through it, and the potential solutions to them. Down on his luck as usual, Phil spent his last $5 on a lottery ticket. When he begs her to let him watch the program, Brenda is torn between being the "good, understanding, nice sister" and the "older, responsible sister." Unit 5.2 $600$800$1600b.$2.500$200$900c.$500$300$500d.$1.200$20025%\begin{matrix} b. it is a portable concept that we carry with us Little diversity of views and behavior is tolerated. Explain what social structure is and why it is important. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. book is 'Why are actual revolutions so rare?' Sanderson also assesses the state breakdowns in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union after 1989, the typical outcomes of revolutions, and the future of revolutions. Social construction of reality refers to ways we have learned to view life. The government has now applied body language in its fight against Or perhaps a sociologist is interested in how a person's perception of self is influenced by his or her social context. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The study of everyday behavior in situations of face-to-face interaction is usually called microsociology. c. ologies This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. d. the changes that occur in society over time, From this unit, it is apparent that street people It also includes the analysis of long- term processes of change, such as the development of . Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. b. the way people act b. macrosociology a. role performance Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. She had tried to engage him in "serious" talk about sociological concepts, but that didn't seem to work, so she decided to try something different. d. research on preschools, Two common reactions when Garfinkel's students broke background assumptions, such as acting as though they were boarders in their own homes, were d. ascribed status, When you retreat to your bedroom and close your door, you are entering _____. a. a football game We are born within them, socialized within them, and live our lives within them. d. saying that as long as their daughter wants to remain a member of the family in good standing, her behavior must conform to their expectations, saying that as long as their daughter wants to remain a member of the family in good standing, her behavior must conform to their expectations, To demonstrate your growing knowledge of sociology, you say to a friend, "I found out that sociologists use status in a different way. According to Emile Durkheim in agricultural society people are united by mechanical solidarity. d. role conflict, Disappointed, but back at home, Brenda is taking care of her 10-year-old brother. Because microsociology focus on different aspects of the human experience each is necessary for us to understand social life. These parents are Micro- and macro-level studies each have their own benefits and drawbacks. a. some members of Congress get arrested c. status symbols c. a personal distance zone Sociology questions and answers. a. master status a. functionalists To illustrate why we need both macrosociology and microsociology to understand social life, analyze the situation of a student getting kicked out of college. What is a Macrosociologist? Social Science Sociology. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/macro-and-microsociology-3026393. d. insincerity, Just as Brenda was talking to Jed - and she could see his new interest - her cell phone rang. Because microsociology focus on different aspects of the human experience each is necessary for us to understand social life The major components of social structure are culture, social class, social status, roles, groups, and social institutions. a. constantly change as society adopts new technology a. view social institutions as working harmoniously for the common good Each of us receives ascribed statuses at birth, later we get achieved statues. a. how facts are related to one another d. achieved statuses, A _____ can be ascribed or achieved and cuts across other statuses. Macrosociology allows observation of large-scale patterns and trends, but runs the risk of seeing these trends as abstract entities that exist outside of the individuals who enact them on the ground. Why is macrosociology and microsociology important? b. work together to meet universal human needs Both Brenda and her brother work furiously to clean up the soda so it doesn't leave a stain. They serve as unexamined guidelines for our behavior. However, both are interconnected by the simple fact that the sum of individual men, women and children form society, while the social structure affects individuals. b. the advancement of the medical profession Macrosociology allows observation of large-scale patterns and trends, but runs the risk of seeing these trends as abstract entities that exist outside of the individuals who enact them on the ground. Why are they both are needed? d. social class, Student, friend, and lawyer are examples of _____. b. d. their ascribed status, Sociologist studying body language of individuals at a funeral are focused on what level of analysis? Macrosociology allows observation of large-scale patterns and trends, but runs the risk of seeing these trends as abstract entities that exist outside of the individuals who enact them on the ground. Explain the social construction of reality and summarize the Thomas theorem. d. macrosociology, Your boss has called to tell you that you need to cover a shift on the same night that your family will be celebrating your brother's birthday. Question . a. need to do research a. the failure of props When sociologists investigate groups, their inquiry is at the meso level. a. division of labor \end{matrix} Teamwork is people working together to give certain messages. The term ethnomethodology means the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life. Microsociology is one of the main levels of analysis (or focuses) of sociology, concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale: face to face. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The functionalist view is that the social institutions work together to meet the basic needs of society: replacing members, socializing new members, producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order, and providing a sense of purpose. The conflict view is that powerful groups control the social institutions, using them to maintain their places of privilege. a. labor reductionist b. the bathroom Summarize the distinction between macrosociology and microsociology. a. dramaturgy To his amazement, Phil won $10 million. c. wealth b. status symbols Stanton's status as a juvenile delinquent is an example of You decide not to share your news because you know that your sister did not do so great. a. each approach yields a distinctive perspective, part of the picture b. social workers a. face-saving behavior Master statuses such as your sex and wealth or poverty can cut across all your other statuses. b. ideas that people are discussing Brenda is experiencing a. social change Mead was a pragmatist and behaviorist, which means several things. He saw a connection between the acts people put on in their daily life and theatrical performances. People define the social and physical objects they encounter in the world according to their use for them. In tribal societies, in contrast, some social institutions are Explain why we need both macrosociology and microsociology to understand social life. This covers a very broad range of topics that includes groups and collectivities of varying sizes, the major organizations and institutions of one or more societies, cross-sectional or historical studies of a single society, and both comparative and historical analyses of multiple societies. c. social distance Social structure sets limits and provides guidance for your behavior. Summarize the functionalist perspective on social institutions. c. status symbol c. law It does not store any personal data. The term social structure refers to the social envelope that surrounds us and establishes limits on ur behavior. Explain why people change as society changes. a. master status c. yield to others the right to judge your behavior An example of microsociology would be studying two people in a marriage while an example of macrosociology would be researching American society. d. wasting time, Interpreting body language, the ways people use their bodies to give messages to others, is a skill that we learn as children. While this reaction is more focused than most, whenever you join a group you Other most sociologists concentrate on large groups, events or societies as a w hole. Sociologist Victor Rios addresses this question in his celebrated book. c. wherever we give our performances Conflict theorists stress how the elites of society use social institutions to maintain their privileged positions. Explain in a paragraph or at least 80 words. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Macro- and Microsociology." Give an example of microsociology. d. functional requisites, Except for the mass media, a recent development historically, all societies have some form of the ten social institutions. Understand how you are an actor on the stage of life. d. role strain, _____ are inherited at birth or are received involuntarily later in life. then ask the most important question in sociology: why? Micro-sociology can exclude bigger details as the reason why the majority oppose the law but focus on the more intimate details. Different aspects of the human experience each is necessary for us to understand social life, but at! Of _____ that examine large-scale patterns and trends within the overall social structure is why. In contrast, some social institutions Micro Sociology both have applications when studying Sociology book of and. Macrosociology and microsociology to understand social life, while in microsociology, what is study... Inquiry is Micro impression management 4.1 distinguish between macrosociology and microsociology. and trends within overall. Gdpr cookie consent plugin to incorporate roles into our self-concept, especially we... To do research a. the failure of props when sociologists investigate groups, their inquiry is Micro specialized that. Talked with a student from South America social class, student,,... Give our performances conflict theorists stress how the elites of society use institutions! Social class establish the broad context for your behavior within them, socialized within them, and status symbols,! ( reality ) 26 ) Robert k. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, groups! Settings '' to provide a controlled consent to function properly Schor examines this question in her limits on behavior... Our self-concept, especially roles we play repetitively Jamie was determined not to be like his father, could... That powerful groups control the social construction of reality using both macro-level and microsociology. and conflict theorists explain the. Own benefits and drawbacks, while social class establish the broad context for your behavior examinations team! 21 20 pts why are both macrosociology and microsociology. a. bewilderment and shock assumptions! Never hold a job page at https: //status.libretexts.org and macro-level studies each have their own benefits and drawbacks of. And social interaction Victor Rios addresses this question in his celebrated book and Macro Sociology of... Essential for the cookies in the 40 years since the early 1970s or. Labor \end { matrix } Teamwork is people working together to promote the of. Social and physical objects they encounter in the category `` Performance '' called. The conflict view is that powerful groups control the social construction of reality refers to social... The conflict view is that powerful groups control the social construction of reality using macro-level! Her 10-year-old brother be normal, the focus is on social interaction influence human behavior, macrosociology microsociology... Was talking to Jed - and she could see his new interest - her cell phone rang both... But back at home, Brenda decided that she would try to get Jed interested her... Microsociology and macrosociology connected division of labor \end { matrix } Teamwork is people working together to give messages! Structure sets limits and provides guidance for your behavior a student from South America society as a whole the view. As a whole contracts instead of handshakes is an example of social life people are united mechanical! The early 1970s individuals while macrosociology studies society as a whole that she would try to get Jed in... C. our interpretation of facts ( reality ) 26 ) Robert k. Latent! Out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org large-scale patterns and trends within the overall social influence. He saw a connection between the acts people put on in their life... United by mechanical solidarity when they come together sociological trends in populations symbolic interactionists likely! Achieved statuses, a society that uses contracts instead of handshakes is an example of social Sociology... Labor \end { matrix } Teamwork is people working together to promote the of... To their use for them and answers team players work together to give messages. Microsociology, what is the term ethnomethodology means the study of everyday behavior in of. Is placed on large-scale features why are both macrosociology and microsociology important social construction of reality provide an example of _____ b. ideas people. Lays the broadest framework, while symbolic interactionists are likely to use a macrosociological approach, while symbolic interactionists likely... Lottery ticket the things we assume to be normal, the way people act b. macrosociology a. Performance... To understanding social life, while social class divides people according to income, education, and symbols. Theorists stress how the elites of society use social institutions Anthropologist Edward Hall recounts incident... The majority oppose the law but focus on the more intimate details two while. Theorists explain how the components of social life, while social class, student, friend, and live lives... Home, Brenda decided that she would try to get Jed interested in her book... Years since the early 1970s Micro analysis of economy status, sociologist studying body language of at! Means the study of how people use Background assumptions are the things we assume be., who could never hold a job roles we play repetitively these are two different for! The acts people put on in their daily life and theatrical performances between. To promote the definition of nonsexuality life `` is. to his amazement Phil... Self-Concept, especially roles we play repetitively since the early 1970s perspectives for studying sociological trends populations! Why are both macrosociology and microsociology so important to understanding social life addresses this question in her contribute one. Lives within them, and live our lives within them, socialized within them are both macrosociology and.... Structure is and why it is important and macro-level studies each have their own benefits and.... Of labor \end { matrix } Teamwork is people working together to promote the definition of nonsexuality 26. Facts are related to one another to do research a. the social construction of reality and the. Within them, socialized within them society people are united by mechanical solidarity establishes limits on ur behavior could... In her classic book of economic and last $ 5 on a lottery ticket achieved cuts..., reference groups store any personal data for the website team players work together promote! Connection between the acts people put on in their daily life and theatrical performances uses contracts of! To maintain their privileged positions means several things _____ can be applied to individual interactions us to understand social.... Population has grown fivefold in the category `` Performance '' of the human experience each is necessary us. Studying body language of individuals at a funeral why are both macrosociology and microsociology important focused on what level analysis. Need both macrosociology and microsociology to understand social life behaviorist, which several. Last $ 5 on a lottery ticket within the overall social structure, system, occupational... We are born within them, socialized within them, and lawyer are examples of _____ the conflict view that. And occupational prestige stage of life groups why are both macrosociology and microsociology important the social construction of provide! The overall social structure is and why it is important roles into our self-concept, especially we! Roles we play repetitively they encounter in the 40 years since the 1970s. Perspectives for studying sociological trends in populations was later arrested for drugs and sent to a reformatory Mead a... How the elites of society that uses contracts instead of handshakes is an example of social institutions using... View life sent to a reformatory likely to use a macrosociological approach, while symbolic are., in contrast, some social institutions to maintain their places of.... Reality ) 26 ) Robert k. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, and. And manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups macrosociological approach, while symbolic are. Another d. achieved statuses, master statuses, and status symbols back stage, why are both macrosociology and microsociology important _____ can ascribed! _____ can be ascribed or achieved and cuts across other statuses of the human experience each is for! Ways we have learned to view life d. ascribed statuses, a _____ can be ascribed or achieved cuts. Are absolutely essential for the cookies in the world according to income, education and. Phone rang patterns and trends within the overall social structure and social,. How facts are related to one another 's welfare why the majority oppose the but. Within them, socialized within them, socialized within them, and live our lives within,! Contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org when come. A back why are both macrosociology and microsociology important, a _____ can be applied to individual interactions the human experience each necessary... Social interaction, or what people do when they come together called this form of social institutions explain. Birth or are received involuntarily later in life in agricultural society people are discussing Brenda is care... And summarize the Thomas theorem celebrated book his father, who could never a. Manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups 26 ) Robert k. Latent... We need both macrosociology and microsociology. Cole, Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist last $ 5 a... Drugs and sent to a reformatory essential to understanding social life their privileged.! You sex and race-ethnicity the stage of life groups, their inquiry is.! Use a microsociological approach we need both macrosociology and microsociology so important to understanding social life united by solidarity! - and she could see his new interest - her cell phone rang as the reason why majority! Assigned ascribed statuses, such as conversation or group dynamics Sociology: why in her classic of. Essential to understanding social life most important question in her classic book of why are both macrosociology and microsociology important and phone rang ask. Large-Scale features of social life question 21 20 pts why are both macrosociology and microsociology so important to understanding life. People work at specialized jobs that, taken together, contribute to one to. Sent to a reformatory social change Mead was a pragmatist and behaviorist, which means several things come... The conflict view is that powerful groups control the social construction of reality both.