[30] The destroyer crew lifted the black-out curtains, making the attack easy. I had to surrender my ship to the British Captain and I had to be in complete uniform.. Unfortunately, his mother died from tetanus after a medical incident, so he returned home to be with his family. KLAUS BARGSTEN (328-1987) and his II.W.O. Otto Kretschmer, Comandante alemn de U-Boot de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, fue sin duda el ms eficaz de toda la Kriegsmarine. "[11], During Kretschmer's stay on Kln, he attended an aircraft catapult course at Travemnde. They were both sunk within seven hours, during which the U-boat fired ten torpedoes and four rounds from the deck gun, while the vessels returned fire without damaging the U-boat. An illegal "Court of Honour" was convened and headed by Kretschmer. [18] Further patrols took U-23 around the British coast. COOPER stated that KRETSCHMER was one of the absolutely finest men he had ever known totally honest and honorable. OTTO KRETSCHMER was almost lost in this actionA firm, almost hard-headed man, KRETSCHMER firmly DIS-believed the old sailors story that a sinking ship will create a suction that will pull down anyone in the water so as his U-99 was going down, OTTO stood at attention on the bridge and his boat sank out from under him; So you see, Harry, he told HARRY COOPER (1-LIFE-1983), I did not desert my ship! So how was it that he was sunk? The 28-ship convoy was poorly defended by a destroyer and a corvette. He mastered the English language and came to respect British education: its practical focus complemented his scientific and theoreticalbased German background. Here, however, we focus on OTTO KRETSCHMER, the man. Flotilla Admiral Otto Kretschmer (1 May 1912 - 5 August 1998) was a German U-boat commander in the Second World War and later an admiral in the Bundesmarine. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, "U 99" Interrogation of Survivors April, 1941", Newspaper clippings about Otto Kretschmer, Telegraph On-line edition, February 4, 2008, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kretschmer&oldid=1125960308, Efficient lookouts are of prime importance, It is essential not simply to spot the target, but to spot it in good time, Lone ships should be attacked on the surface with gunfire in order to save expensive torpedoes, Survivors should be assisted when possible, Convoys should be attacked in daylight only if it is not feasible to wait for nightfall, Attack at night from the dark side of the convoy, so that the target is silhouetted and the submarine is in shadow, When there is little or no moonlight, attack from the windward side (to avoid a visible white bow-wave when motoring into the wind), Fire one torpedo per target, not fanned salvoes, Once an attack is launched, do not submerge except in circumstances of dire necessity. One did escape, but he was apprehended at the meeting point while the U-boat he was due to meet fled with Allied ships in hot pursuit. When war broke out, Kretschmer was on U-23, a short-range submarine which could not operate as far as the Atlantic, so had to stay in the North Sea. On 16 June 1956, he was tasked with the creation of 1. [52] U-99 docked four days later, concluding Kretschmer's fourteenth patrol after just ten days at sea. Lawrence Paterson has spent many years researching aspects of German naval operations and has written more than ten books on various aspects of the Kriegsmarein, including Schnellboote and Hitler's Forgotten Flotillas. Serving on a U-boat was a very dangerous task, and one that many did not want. Con su legendario submarino Tipo VII, el U-99, se apunt desde Septiembre de 1.939 hasta Marzo de 1.941, 47 barcos hundidos con un total de 274.333 toneladas. He participated in the 2nd officers training course held at the former NS-Ordensburg Sonthofen. With no time to return to the hatch, Kretschmer clung on to the periscope and waved at it frantically, hoping to be spotted. Kretschmer was transferred to the training ship Niobe (1 July 1930 9 October 1930), attaining the rank of Seekadett (cadet) on 9 October 1930 before embarking on a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden (10 October 1930 4 January 1932), which took him to the Far East through the Mediterranean and Suez canal. Of his personality and view of the war, it stated: "He gave the impression of being a quiet, deliberate man, and looked more like a student than a U-Boat Captain. [31] Kretschmer sighted the British submarine Thistle(N24) soon afterwards, and fired a second torpedo which missed. Otto Kretschmer (1 May 1912 - 5 August 1998) was a German naval officer and submariner in World War II and the Cold War . That is not the famed Golden Horseshoe on the conning tower; that is the horseshoe-shaped life ring. "He prided himself on being able to take advantage of whatever the passing moment offered and made no elaborate plans for attacking convoys. [49], In November and December 1940 U-99 sank three British armed merchant cruisers (AMC), HMS Laurentic, HMS Patroclus and HMSForfar. That day, he was made chief-of-staff of the NATO command COMNAVBALTAP at Kiel, taking command on 15 June. Once secured dockside, the crew poses for a triumphant photo. a legeredmnyesebb nmet tengeralattjr-parancsnok volt a msodik vilghborban. He clung to the periscope in the hope of being seen through the optics. As OTTO said;I am a Prussian officer; we are not pirates!. Rsing brought his own watch officer, and Kretschmer was demoted to second watch officer. [32] Kretschmer returned to Wilhelmshaven on 25 February after 17 days at seahis longest to date. It went passed its crushing depth of 700m, and all looked lost. Why his average daily tonnage sinking equaled that of de la Perrier. At the time, Kretschmer was president of the Deutscher Marinebund, a member club of the International Maritime Confederation. She had been married before, to a doctor who was killed in action with the Afrika Korps. Kretschmer took command of U-99, and adorned the conning tower with two gold-painted horseshoes for luck. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. In the Atlantic, Kretschmer became bolder and bolder. Note that the crew is all wearing fresh coveralls and beards neatly trimmed. For this he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, among other awards. He died in 1998 in Bavaria. [60], The operation against Convoy OB 293 proved disastrous for the Lorient group. were transferred off and sent to Commanders School so they could command their own boats and KRETSCHMER asked for battle experienced officers as replacements. The crew felt that this would bring them good luck so they cleaned the horseshoe, painted it gold and screwed it to the fairweather as we see in the photo to the right. The German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the war in Europe. Otto Kretschmer was one of the most successful U-boat commander in World War II. [39], Among the victims was the Estonian ship, Merisaar, 2,126GRT. On 4 October 1939 he sank the coastal ship Glen Farg (876GRT). Out of the stormy night, Schnee spotted another submarine close at hand and he ordered an ALARM dive! Correct optics: how the binoculars of the best underwater ace of the Reich became a symbol of relations with Britain #___historydocs After the completion of his submariner training he was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See (senior-sub lieutenant/Lieutenant Junior Grade)[12] on 1 June 1936. Kretschmer sank six and disabled a seventh. This was not OTTO KRETSCHMER! At Eckernfrde on the 25/26 July 1934 Hitler boarded the ship to observe the exercise. The renaming of the navy was a symbolic gesture, to erase the unpleasant memories of the 1920s and symbolise a new era. From September 1939 until being captured in March 1941, he sank 47 ships, a total of 274,333 tons. "[3] Kretschmer was too young to enlist at 17 and his father sent him to England to broaden his horizons. [21] The next day, he sank Tiberton, 5,225GRT, in the Moray Firth. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: One Torpedo, One Ship: An appraisal of Otto Kretschmers U-boat tactics, 19391941, /doi/full/10.1080/00253359.2021.1898209?needAccess=true. In 1955, he met Sir Donald Macintyre, who commanded one of the vessels which helped sink U-99. Kretschmer captured the vessel, the only such ship seized by U-99. For 13 days Kretschmer sailed without success. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. Only five survived. On February 22, 1941, Kretschmer set off on his final patrol. In this work, Kretschmers success is appraised through the analysis of the key characteristics of his attacks, and the conditions of the battlefield in which he operated. A single torpedo was fired, then Kretschmer ordered a u-turn and sped away on the surface; the destroyers neither sighted him nor detected him with ASDIC. For some reason, little Juli came running at the cygnets, barking like mad. Studies in Marine Corps History and Amphibious Warfare, Studies in Naval History and Sea Power series. Kretschmer indulged in sporting pastimes and scientific interests. For this he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (German language: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes . There are as many reports, theories, and wild-eyed guesses as there are forums on the Internet most of which are pure speculation and fiction. They all got along perfectly, and MacIntyre told KRETSCHMER that these were the only truly good bridge games hed had during the war. Kretschmer was also involved in the Battle of Bowmanville. OTTO KRETSCHMER and Sharkhunters President HARRY COOPER (1-LIFE-1983) were close friends, and when COOPER asked him why there were no photos of him with the traditional White Cap, OTTO explained he said;The white hat was not issue, it was tradition but not regulation and I am a Prussian officer. 1871), a Germanborn naturalised Briton. [18] On 16 January 1962, Kretschmer was appointed head of the department for naval task force training and naval tactics with the Fhrungsstab der Marine (Navy Staff) with the Federal Ministry of Defence. After completing his officer training and time on the training ship Niobe he served aboard the light cruiser Emden. Kretschmer travelled the world as he rose up through the ranks, before joining the U-boat service in 1936. In 1955, MacIntyre returned the Zeiss binoculars to Kretschmer. BACK TO ADVISORS PAGE. Pyers Symon. When asked, JOSEF Jupp KASSEL (790-1988) he proudly said;I was Otto Kretschmers radioman!. His whole demeanour was calm and quiet, and he seemed anxious to be friendly; he was also less suspicious of British Officers than was his First Lieutenant. The people were all seated at their tables in the dining room and COOPER was table-hopping to make sure that everything was going well. He became known as the Golden Horseshoe by his men. [72], Once in London, Royal Navy interrogators questioned the crew. [5] He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund (1 April 1930 30 June 1930). He hand signed some of our very rare fine art prints. He did not return to England from his hiatus, but travelled through France, Switzerland and Italy. They were sent to Lime Street Station to be transported to London for interrogation. The next morning at breakfast, the Kretschmers and COOPER were relaxing on the breakfast patio and Juli went to COOPER and lay down at his feet. It is true that he was not the typical Draufganger (fire breather) Skipper who would shout and scream orders as we saw in the movie das Boot. For this he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, among other awards. [Note 1] There, he became inspection group leader at the acceptance organization. The U-boot commanded by Kapitnleutnant Kretschmer has sunk the two British auxiliary cruisers H.M.S. COOPER grinned and said;Lets ask this gentleman here. He was the highest scoring U-Boat ace of the war sinking 44 ships totalling 266,029 tons. It was only later that KRETSCHMER learned of this and learned that his own brother, a pilot, had been overflying Scapa Flow and making aerial photos of the place just for the attack by U-47. [36] Kretschmer's tenth patrol (27 June21 July) yielded over 20,000GRT. [61] As with the group that eventually sank Kretschmer ten days later, they were experienced and competent. [20], On 18 February, Kretschmer sank the 1,300 ton British fleet destroyer Daring off the Pentland Firth while she was escorting convoy HN12 from Norway. "[69] Kretschmer signalled Walker asking for rescue for his men, taking care to ensure as many left the submarine as possible, and assisted some of his crew towards the rescue nets hung from the British destroyer. 1939 szeptembertl, 1941 mrciusban bekvetkez fogsgba essig, 47 hajt sllyesztett el, melyeknek egyttes vzkiszortsa 274 333 tonna volt. [57] On 7 December 1940, Kretschmer sank the Dutch freighter Farmsum; the last success of the year. The ship was loaded with coal, set for Buenos Aires, Argentina. He fired a single torpedo that missed before he lost the ship in thick mist. [42], Four days later Kretschmer began his eleventh patrol which concluded on 5 August. He demonstrated a cool approach to combat: his mantra one torpedo for one ship proved that the best way for his boat to succeed against a convoy was to remain surfaced as much as possible, penetrating the convoy and using the boats high speed and small silhouette to avoid retaliation. The ships were protected by an escort group of two destroyers, Wolverine and Verity, and two corvettes, Arbutus and Camellia. It was not this way with U-99. [68], Kretschmer's usual standards of conduct were evident during the sinking of his boat. Kretschmer continued to search for stragglers and found SS Holmlea. [65] British reports of the action mention a large red glow appearing deep below the surface amid the depth charge explosions. One morning on the breakfast patio at the KRETSCHMER home, OTTO was reading his newspaper while Mrs. Kretschmer and COOPER talked over breakfast tea. Dave Powell. For this he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . He studied under Professor Jacob Wilhelm Schopp, a Germanborn naturalised Briton who took him under his wing, but rather than study science, he chose literature. The short range of the Type II submarine allowed for operations in the North Sea, but no further. In the following, the amplitude of the wave vector k 0 = /c = 2/ 0 of illumination will be useful. 1) Black Otto Walter no.12.507.- prismen glaser8x40 reflexfreie on right side. [14] U-35 returned to Germany after an uneventful patrol during which no ships were sunk. [34], During U-99's first four patrols, Kretschmer commenced attacking convoys at night on the surface, sinking merchant ships with highly accurate shots, using only one torpedo per target ship; the quote "one torpedo one ship" is attributed to Kretschmer around this time. As they pulled up the anchor one day, an actual horseshoe was caught in the flukes of the anchor. Four of his years as a prisoner of war were spent in Canada at Bowmanville POW camp. One British admiral thought Kretschmer's move so aggressive, it had to have been a mistake, Kretschmer looked back with great fondness at his time at the University of Exeter, Otto Kretschmer died in 1998 after a successful career in the navy. Two men were killed in the attack and being the only one aboard fluent in English, he took the Morse lamp and made his famous signal to HMS WALKER; Captain to Captain; please help my men in the water. [69] He then sent a message to BdU, "Two destroyersdepth charges50,000 tonsKretschmer. OTTO and his wife were already in the dining room. Joachim Schepke arrived in U-100 and sank seven. Okay, back to the story of U-23 and HMS ROYAL OAK. OTTO replied;It was necessary. His nickname Silent Otto referred to his ability to remain undetected and his reluctance to provide the regular radio reports required by Dnitz: he had guessed that the Allies had broken German codes. [20] Kretschmer departed from Kiel for the third war patrol on 1 October. When my boat returned to port, we lay to outside the harbor and every man shaves and takes a salt water shower, then puts on clean coveralls even the Captain. [63] On 7 March Kretschmer sank two ships from the convoy including the 20,638GRT Terje Viken. Only five sailors survived. [48] Kretschmer recommended his helmsman Stabsobersteuermann Heinrich Petersen for the Knight's Cross after twelve war patrols for saving U-99 from enemy detection. Kapitnleutnant Kretschmer, November 1940 (March 12, 2021) This week, 80 years ago, U-99, skippered by Otto Kretschmer, one of Germany's most famous U-boat commanders, had just fired the last of her torpedoes, when she was spotted by British destroyers southeast of Iceland in the North Atlantic. On 19 March 1934, his stay on Deutschland ended and he was transferred to the light cruiser Kln (20 March 26 September 1934). Kretschmer was presented with an opportunity to put his "one torpedo, one ship" mantra into practice. His school report contained the remark: "Kretschmer demonstrated his extraordinary courage in many instances. . Kretschmer attempted to sink the ship with gunfire, but return fire and the appearance of an aircraft forced him to submerge. It noted that the destroyers "did not know how to help" and busied themselves firing star shells on a moonlit night. These excerpts are from that first interview and you can hear some of the hubbub in the . Klaus Bargsten served aboard U-99 under Kretschmer, before being promoted to captain himself and becoming the sole survivor of U-521 on 2 June 1942. One signalman sent a message to the escorts "we are sinking" and the firing stopped. [58], Several of Kretschmer's senior officers left the boat before the final patrol. Walker) and Fregattenkapitan (commander) Kertschmer, became the best of friends. [18], In 1955, Sir Donald McIntyre returned Kretschmer's binoculars, which he had kept in 1941. He captured the number one German U-boat ace Otto Kretschmer (whose Zeiss binoculars he took and used for the rest of the war); in the same battle, he directed the attack that killed the second-scoring ace Joachim Schepke. Two days later on 5 August, Silent OTTO succumbed to his head injuries without ever regaining consciousness. His first patrol, with Oberleutnant zur See Adalbert Schnee as first watch officer, took U-23 into the North Sea and along the coast of the Netherlands. [2] His father was a teacher at the local Volkschule (primary school), which Otto attended from 1918 to 1921. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Keep me logged in. [62] Kretschmer attempted a surface night attack using his favourite tactic. Otto Kretschmer was the most successful U-boat commander of the Second World War. A young RN ensign was removing the binoculars from around KRETSCHMERs neck when MacIntyre yelled down that those were now his binoculars as a prize of war, so the young ensign brought them to the bridge. It is not possible to change the direction of a rapidly diving submarine at the wave of a hand, and so with Schnee on the bridge and both conning tower hatches fully open, U-23 disappeared beneath the North Sea. My ship deserted me!. [6], Following his journey on Emden, Kretschmer attended a naval infantry course for cadets at Stralsund (5 January31 March 1932), before starting with the main cadet course at the Naval Academy Mrwik on 1 April 1932, including his first U-boat course at Mrwik (25 September 1 October 1933). [13], He was given interim command of U-35 in August 1937, and this appointment coincided with Germany's involvement in the Spanish Civil War. Next day, he attended an aircraft catapult course at Travemnde the depth explosions... 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