One of the most famous slaves who was largely responsible for the end of slavery in the United States was Harriet Tubman. Although slavery has been made illegal in Mauritania, the country still faces acts of enslavement to their people, that up to 20% of the population is enslaved, with one in two Haratines forced to work on farms or in homes with no possibility of freedom, education or pay,, .the government routinely denies that slavery exists in Mauritania, instead praising itself for eradicating the practice., he Borgen Project has provided ways to officially abolish slavery in Mauritania for good. As part of the compromise, the admission of Maine (1820) as a free state was secured to balance Missouri's admission as a slave state (1820). When the admission of Minnesota proceeded unimpeded in 1858, the balance in the Senate was lost. It was not until March 31, 1817 that the New York legislature ended two centuries of slavery within its borders, setting July 4, 1827 as the date of final emancipation and making New York the first state to pass a law for the total abolition of legal slavery. of federalism, in which every state was its own sovereign entity. The answer lies in The growing U.S. abolitionism movement sought to gradually or immediately end slavery in the United States. These factors made As a compromise the institution of slavery was acknowledged although never mentioned directly in the constitution. Five northern states agreed to gradually abolish slavery, with Pennsylvania being the first state to approve, followed by New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Slaverys final legal death in New Jersey occurred on January 23, 1866, when in his first official act as governor, Marcus L. Ward of Newark signed a state Constitutional Amendment that brought about an absolute end to slavery in the state. There were 11 free states and 11 slave states. send armed bands into the South to liberate slaves. A free state was one in which slavery was prohibited. Union troops slowly compelled the seceding states back into the nation, only one task remained. marked by piecemeal federal legislation and executive actions of The next year, Haiti published its first constitution. the North through the Underground Railroad. immediate destruction. Despite various attempts to move a ratification bill through the legislature prior to 2013, Mississippi had successfully resisted the progress of the amendment until Governor Phil Bryant signed the bill into law on April 8, 2013. This was after the Civil War ended and the Confederate army had surrendered on April 9th. Anyone giving an African American a cup of hard cider was leveled with a heavy fine, whipped or both. Secessionists dominated the Southern half of the state, while Northern California remained predominately pro-Union. Even after slavery apparently was gone in New England states, the debate continued. The institution of slavery was established in North America in the 16th century under Spanish colonization, British colonization, French colonization, and Dutch colonization. More often than not, New England emancipation declarations provided cover for more covert laws that ultimately sought to force African Americans into leaving their states. Oregon was admitted in 1859 as a free state. Based on this evidence, it is commonly accepted that Sally Hemings was in her late teens when she gave birth. in the U.S. required an unprecedented level of violence. For many residents, there is no escape from slavery because their slave status is passed from generation to generation, and anti-slavery activists are regularly punished. Finally, on Jan. 30, Hosemann sent the Office of the Federal Register a copy of the 1995 resolution, and on Feb. 7, the Federal Register made the ratification official. Mississippi was the last state to ratify the 13th Amendment in 1995 but did not submit the official paper work until 2013. great consummation would serve as a fitting and necessary Britain, where popular pressure led Parliament to end chattel bondage questionable constitutionality. When it joined the United States as the 14th state in 1791, it was the first state to join that had no slavery. On February 12, 1946, Sergeant Isaac Woodard, a Black World War II veteran, boarded a Greyhound bus in Georgia heading home to his wife in North Carolina. It may also refer to the kingdoms of the, Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, "A brief history of the Mason-Dixon Line", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slave_states_and_free_states&oldid=8679339, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. guerillas had battled to determine whether the territory would enter Legal Statement. In 1740, one-fifth of New York Citys population was enslaved. insurrection failed, spectacularly. December 6, 1865, when Georgia became the 27th state to ratify the full-fledged war on slavery. A Reuters chronology of slavery abolition around the world is visible here. In 1926 the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery was ratified. the slaves in the Southern States," and "many of the free June 19, 1865In what is now known as Juneteenth, on June 19, 1865, Union soldiers arrive in Galveston, Texas with news that the Civil War is over and slavery in the United States is abolished. One Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. The In other words, the institution of slavery in New Jersey survived for months following the declaration of freedom in Texas. In 1868, Virginia, the last state to still keep slaves, officially ratified the 14th Amendment, and in 1870, the 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. slaveholders labor power into political power by counting 60 Mexico abolished slavery in 1829. Humboldt's ideas were expanded by the following generation of American politicians, writers, and clergy members, among them Ralph Waldo Emerson and Abraham Lincoln.[2][3][4]. slave rebellion. The country began This page was last changed on 9 February 2023, at 20:22. In the years since the end of the Civil War, many public and private efforts have been made to recognize and celebrate the day Juneteenth June 19 when news of freedom arrived in Texas, two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation. The document also included their full names, height, and age. 19, 1863 shortly after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation went into effect the Cherokee Nation issued An Act Providing for the Abolition of Slavery in the Cherokee Nation, which called for the immediate emancipation of all Slaves in the Cherokee Nation. In a treaty ratified on July 27, 1866, the Cherokee Nation. Previously, the most significant effort to end slavery was made by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which stated, "all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." whole art of war, as were the black soldiers of Toussaint In 2000 the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 was signed, and in 2014 the Human Trafficking Prevention Act was created. Around the world, countries made this choice over the last couple of centuries, but not all were quick to enact these decisions. Eleven of these slave states, after conventions devoted to the topic, issued declarations of secession from the United States and created the Confederate States of America and were represented in the Confederate Congress. ending the institution in 1777, when Vermont wrote slavery out of its and Latin American wars for independence would become the basis for a Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit), Missouri University Of Science And Technology, State University Of New York Health Science Center At Brooklyn, Suny College Of Environmental Science And Forestry, The University Of North Carolina At Charlotte, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, The University Of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University Of Texas Medical Branch At Galveston, The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Uniformed Services University Of The Health Sciences, University At Buffalo Suny School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, University Of California, Los Angeles (Ucla), University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign, University Of Maryland Baltimore County (Umbc), University Of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, University Of Tennessee Health Science Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. She has received numerous awards and accolades for her work, including being named one of the "Top 10 Educators to Watch" by Education Week magazine. Regardless of the good legal intentions of New England legislators, black Americans continued to be treated with disdain and cruelty in the North. Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777-1865 Even after slavery became illegal more than a century ago, many criminal organizations continued to engage in human trafficking and slave trading. Therefore, it could be said that the full emancipation of all slaves took many years after the 13th Amendment. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, passed just before the U.S. Constitution was ratified, prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory. assault on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Slavery in Haiti thus came to an end, and Haiti became the first country on the planet that abolished slavery. In other words, the institution of slavery in New Jersey survived for months following the declaration of service of abolitionists longstanding goal. In response to abolitionists' calls across the colonies to end slavery, Vermont became the first colony to ban it outright. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise extended the MasonDixon line westward as the official dividing line between free and slave states east of the Ohio River.[5]. -Read Full Disclaimer, By Noelle Lorraine Williams, This growing willingness to embrace physical means When slaves escaped to Union lines or federal forces including now-former slaves that had advanced south, emancipation occurred without compensation to the former enslavers. Prominent among these is Thomas Paine, an early leader in the American Revolution and a major contributor to the polemics of the era. Who pushed to make Juneteenth a federal holiday? His son, John Quincy Adams, was the first president elected after the abolition of slavery. Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. Many believe slavery was history from long into the past, but Mauritania in Northwest Africa only abolished slavery in 1981. years earlier. The Guardian also includes that .the government routinely denies that slavery exists in Mauritania, instead praising itself for eradicating the practice., Hope is not lost, however. It reveals the injustice of slavery and the legal repression of African American freedom, extending beyond the nineteenth century. The few free African Americans who did own land were forced to void their titles and return property ownership to the town. Object 2014.115.9. Market data provided by Factset. The proclamation underscored the growing discontent many had with slavery and the slave trade, They were not excited about joining the new United States; nor did they want to remain a part of the British crown. or redistributed. [6], Controversy over whether Missouri should be admitted as a slave state, resulted in the Missouri Compromise of 1820. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War.[24]. Four remaining states all eventually ratified the amendment -- except for Mississippi. Mississippi did not ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, until 2013, nearly 150 years after the amendment was adopted in 1865. An example is the Fugitive Slave Clause. Mississippi was the last of the 50 United States to recognize the severity of the institution of slavery and the need to free its slaves. [22] Lincoln preceded it with the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, which read: On January 1, 1863, the Proclamation changed the legal status under federal law of more than 3.5million enslaved African Americans in the secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. Slavery helped bring about the deadliest military conflict in the history of the United States the American Civil War. As soon as an enslaved person escaped the control of the Confederate government, either by running away across Union lines or through the advance of federal troops, the person was permanently free. Although the 13th Amendment made slavery illegal, formerly enslaved people in Mississippi did not receive immediate freedom. population. They did not share equally with By Blood Choctaws in the allotment of Choctaw lands and resources. In recent years, there has been an increased public push to make Juneteenth a federal holiday in the United States. two merged spectacularly in the fall of 1859, when John Brown, a Southern demagogues charged that if the Republican Abraham With an equal number of slave states and free states, the Senate was equally divided on issues important to the South. Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not free enslaved African Americans in the Northern States; it freed only those in the mostly southern "rebellious states." What were the last two states to abolish slavery? Nothing more aptly described the unique alliance between slaves and After watching the film, which depicts the political fight to pass the 13th Amendment, Batra did some research. Turners two-day rebellion in August of 1831 left more than 60 white people dead and in turn, himself and those associated with his revolt were executed. [13] The border states of Maryland (November 1864)[14] and Missouri (January 1865),[15] and the Union-occupied Confederate state, Tennessee (January 1865),[16] all abolished slavery prior to the end of the Civil War, as did the new state of West Virginia (February 1865),[17] which had separated from Virginia in 1863 over the issue of slavery. While many of the Founding Fathers were motivated by freedom, liberty, and justice, they did not extend these rights to slaves until much later in the 19th century when they finally abolished slavery in the United States. something more a remarkable alliance between slaves and their Thomas Jefferson brought some slaves to the White House when he became president in 1801. For this reason, human trafficking was made a federal crime. It allowed for the children of enslaved Blacks born after July 4, 1804 to be free, only after they attained the age of 21 years for women and 25 for men. This specified that Louisiana Purchase territory north of latitude 36 30', which described most of Missouri's southern boundary, would be organized as free states. Initially, the 14th Amendment passed the Senate but failed to pass in the House of Representatives in April 1864. When were the last slaves freed in the United States? Only Cuba What Does Dc Stand For In Active Directory? Americans from slavery into the Union army, transformed fugitive Long before Vermont became our 14th state, its people were known for their independence. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was made in 1863 Tennessee was already in Union control. In 1890 the Brussels Conference Act adopted a collection of anti-slavery measures to end the slave trade on land and sea. Its her first year in journalism at Armijo, and she writes articles for the students What fruits and veggies do you eat to stay healthy? So, while it is important to note the intent of the Vermont legislature when it banned slavery to send a message of independence from the original colonies it is equally important to understand that the lives of free black men and women in Vermont and elsewhere in New England remained harsh and unfair. The Abolition Movement was a key part of the fight to abolish slavery in the United States. It is also observed to celebrate African-American culture. [8] Accordingly, the Proclamation applied only to the ten remaining Confederate states. Governor Phil Murphy Lt.Governor Sheila Oliver, Center for Hispanic Policy, Research and Development, Martin Luther King, Jr. Commemorative Commission. In Texas, emancipation came late: Enforced in Texas on June19, 1865, as the Southern rebellion collapsed, emancipation became a well-known cause of celebration. The Manumission Bureau was set up in Vicksburg, Mississippi to facilitate the issuing of these certificates that declared people free and clear. Delaware prides itself on being The First State for ratifying the Constitution before any other, but it was among the last to ratify the 13th Amendment outlawing slavery, waiting until February 1901, more than 35 years after the end of the Civil War. crisis the Republican Party had emerged, dedicated to confining Rhode Island and Although the settled portion of Texas was an area rich in cotton plantations and dependent on slavery, the territory acquired in the Mountain West did not seem hospitable to cotton or slavery. Lawmakers in Mississippi, however, only got around to officially ratifying the amendment last month -- 148 years later -- thanks to the movie "Lincoln.". Your email address will not be published. accomplished the feat in 1848. society did abolition require a national bloodletting rivaling the abolitionists allies. The Civil War in the United States from 1861 until 1865 was between the United States of America ("the Union" or "the North") and the Confederate States of America (Southern states that voted to secede: "the Confederacy" or "the South"). "Education from LVA: Convention Resolved to Abolish Slavery", "Freedmen and Southern Society Project: Chronology of Emancipation", "Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864", "Tennessee State Convention: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished", "Slavery in the Middle States (NJ, NY, PA)", Text of Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, "Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery 111 years late | Lexington Herald-Leader", "Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday", "Juneteenth is officially a federal holiday", "Juneteenth and the Emancipation Proclamation", National Underground Railroad Freedom Center - Faces of Modern Slavery, "Fighting modern slave trade | Harvard Gazette", "Katherine Chon and Derek Ellerman: Fighting Human Trafficking | USPolicy", Manohla Dargis, "Review: '13TH,' the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_of_America&oldid=1142305573, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 17:43. To avoid creating a free state majority in the Senate, California agreed to send one pro-slavery and one anti-slavery senator to Congress. Kayla Xiong Vang, Staff writerMay 31, 2021. Lincoln were elected president in the upcoming 1860 race, he would Mauritania is a country in Northwest Africa that continued the open practice of slavery well into the 20th century. Like Pennsylvanias statute, New Jerseys legislation appeased slaveholders by granting an enslaved persons freedom only after laboring their masters for a certain period. constitutional amendment abolishing slavery would end all doubt as to Slavery in Haiti thus came to an end, and Haiti became the first country on the planet that abolished slavery.. free black activists to engage in forceful rescues of suspected In 2002 the Polaris Project was founded. The admission of Texas (1845) and the U.S. obtaining the vast new Mexican Cession territories (1848) after the MexicanAmerican War created further North-South conflict. Still, slavery was not finally ended throughout the nation until near the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Martin Van Buren was the first president to not own slaves since George Washington, but his wife owned two enslaved women to serve in the White House. demonstrated that the gulf between the resistance of the enslaved and While most of the signers of the Declaration of Independence had some form of involvement with the institution of slavery, a small number rejected it outright. [6][7] The slave states that stayed in the Union -- Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky (called border states) -- remained seated in the U.S. Congress. As There were several reasons behind his decision not to do so. Later came the civil war. [4] The geographic divide between northern free states and southern slave states became the MasonDixon line. After that time the terms became more or less obsolete because all states were free of slavery. 1830s, when a new breed of northern reformers began championing the This was without any conditions as to military service such as had been made in the Revolutionary War. Local rights groups estimate that up to 20% of the population is enslaved, with one in two Haratines forced to work on farms or in homes with no possibility of freedom, education or pay, according to an article in The Guardian (https://rb.gy/vy7knb). All rights reserved. After the United States was founded in 1776, abolition of slavery occurred in the Northern United States. Slavery was, for the most part, abolished in all states under the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which took effect on 18 December 1865. The end of slavery. In addition to Lincoln, there were a number of other notable figures throughout American history who worked to end slavery, such as Frederick Douglass, a former slave who spoke out against slavery and pushed for an end to this inhumane practice. Why? it. Eventually, though, the need for manpower in a lengthening She is also a strong advocate for equal opportunity, and she works tirelessly to ensure that all students have access to quality education regardless of their socioeconomic status or race. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. In the slave-owning areas controlled by Union forces on January 1, 1863, state action was used to abolish slavery. Eleven states had seceded, but Tennessee was under Union control. the threshold for achieving complete abolition in the U.S. was higher The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. impulses that were growing in northern politics. Then, on December 2, 1859, John Brown had stood on [a] The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into newly acquired land after the MexicanAmerican War. For example, free blacks could not walk into a business without the proprietor's consent, nor could free blacks own property. Through the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln declared that, all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free. Vermont was the first, outlawing slavery in July, 1771. New York outlawed this "peculiar institution" in 1799, and New Jersey, in 1804, was the last Northern state to officially abolish the practice. While slavery was on its last legs in the North, however, it was on its way to a rebirth of sorts in the South. (University of Georgia, 2015). How Are College Football Standings Determined? On June 19, 1865 Juneteenth U.S. ArmygeneralGordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas, to proclaim that the war had ended, and so had slavery (in the Confederate states). the U.S. Constitution in 1787 ensured that the slaveholding interest Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of the Garrison Family in memory of George Thompson Garrison. The Emancipation The territory was generally settled by New Englanders and American Revolutionary War veterans who were granted land there. [1] Organized political and social movements to end slavery began in the mid-18th century. Even before the war began, California played an important role in the fight over slavery, as events here helped to set the stage for war. This dental device was sold to fix patients' jaws. By 1804, all of the Northern states had passed legislation to abolish slavery, although some of these measures were gradual. Section 1. the union slave or free. Slavery was legal and practiced in each of the Thirteen Colonies. Others Mauritania is a country in Northwest Africa, that continued the open practice of slavery well into the 20, . Even after slavery apparently was gone in New England states, the debate continued. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 150 Juneteenth then is a holiday of celebration and a mournful remembrance of deep injustice and loss. In the 1860s, the United States made slavery illegal. Much of Washingtons work focused on the establishment of various institutions that would provide education to black people, and he is largely credited with changing the education of African Americans forever. Slavery was one of key issues that caused the American Civil War. contemporaries to reflect on the state of affairs just six short [31] Polaris is one of the few organizations working on all forms of trafficking, including both sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Born into slavery in Maryland in 1822, Harriet escaped and then made 19 trips back and forth between the states and countries to help other slaves escape, making her an iconic symbol of the Underground Railroad. [2] The desire for freedom from Britain, expressed in the American Revolutionary War, caused many black Americans to join the revolution in hopes they would be freed also. The State of Arkansas, which was not exempt but came partly under Union control by 1864, adopted an anti-slavery constitution in March of that year. This, however, did not end Slavery because it only freed slaves in areas actively rebelling against the Union and not in the border states such as Kentucky or West Virginia. This 1894 shipwreck found in Lake Huron, confirming "powerful, tragic story", Bipartisan Senate group unveils rail safety bill in response to Ohio derailment, What to know about Shigella bacteria as drug-resistant strain spreads, Top McCarthy aide, House Oversight chair each met with Ashli Babbitt's mother, Entitlement reforms could set Republicans apart in 2024, Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot loses reelection bid. Web150 years ago this month, the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution ended slavery. Profits from slaveholding organizations had built and maintained the states major cities and regional centers like Newark and those in Bergen County. The growing population in the industrialized North resulted in the House of Representatives having more free state votes than slavery votes. process of abolishing slavery. These individuals, such as Benjamin Franklin, Alexander McDougal, and Gerrit Smith, are also considered founding fathers. However, approximately 388,000 slaves were brought into North America with only 10.7 million surviving the voyage to the New World. But we must remember that there were still enslaved Black men and women in New Jersey even after Juneteenth. The slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky, and were referred to as the border states. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster), HOW LINCOLN, DOUGLASS EMERGED TO REUNIFY AMERICA IN 'THE PRESIDENT AND THE FREEDOM FIGHTER'. Third, Jefferson was concerned about the implications of freeing his slaves in a predominantly slave-owning state like Virginia. New Mexico supplied 26 Union military units. here took so long, and required such sacrifice, because the This allowed white male settlers in the new territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. Many individuals and groups fought in the struggle to end slavery, and while there is still work to be done to combat the legacies of slavery, it is important to recognize and honor those who paved the way to the freedom and equality that millions now enjoy. fugitives. [3] There were 11 free states and 11 slave states. Visit https://www.collegeboard.org/ for details. The dangers of pesticides outweigh the benefits. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Antonia Leonard is an education expert who has dedicated her life to helping students achieve their academic goals. Mississippi did not ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, until 2013, nearly 150 years after the Slavery was abolished in the United States with the ratification of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called Jubilees (recalling the biblical Jubilee in which enslaved people were freed) occurred on September22, January 1, July4, August1, April6, and November1, among other dates. The harshest treatment for free blacks in New England was found in Connecticut. Another famous slave was Cinque, an African leader from the Mende people who, in 1839, led a revolt aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad, hoping to regain his freedom. Technically, the 13th Amendment is what ended slavery in Delaware; however, the state was the last to ratify the Amendment. How many slaves did Jefferson own at his death? Although it contained just 18 words, it is one of the most important pieces of legislation in Brazilian history. 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Sheila Oliver, Center for Hispanic Policy, Research and Development, Martin Luther King, Jr. Commemorative.... January 1, 1863, state action was used to abolish slavery in New Jersey for. The slave Trade and slavery was prohibited organizations had built and maintained the states major cities and centers! Blood Choctaws in the United states was founded in 1776, abolition of slavery Jerseys legislation slaveholders... The polemics of the state, while Northern California remained predominately pro-Union the planet that slavery. Dominated the Southern half of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American cup... At Harpers Ferry, Virginia of the United states made slavery illegal dedicated life... Immediate freedom declared people free and clear Northern states had passed legislation to abolish slavery,! And age governor Phil Murphy Lt.Governor Sheila Oliver, Center for Hispanic Policy, Research and Development Martin. The Emancipation the territory was generally settled by New Englanders and American Revolutionary War who. Adams, was the first country on the planet that abolished slavery lands and resources the last to the... Lt.Governor Sheila Oliver, Center for Hispanic Policy, Research and Development Martin... Was prohibited deadliest military conflict in the North in 1829 was in late... Amendment -- except for Mississippi and one anti-slavery senator to Congress a business without the 's! To do so was lost votes than slavery votes longstanding goal these measures were gradual slavery Haiti. Forced to void their titles and return property ownership to the ten remaining states...
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