On January 18, 1865 a force of Confederate Texans attacked a peaceful tribe of Kickapoos at Battle of Dove Creek, Tom Green County, and were soundly defeated. [71] The Akokisas may have been absorbed into other tribes at the wake of the Texas Revolution,[72] while members of the Bidai joined neighboring tribes after epidemics reduced their numbers by over half. Santa Anna claimed the right to raid into Mexico and as the United States was then at war with Mexico, Neighbors didnt raise any objections, so that summer Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, and Santa Anna led some hundreds warriors into Coahuila and Chihuahua, burning villages, stealing horses and kidnapping women and children all the way to San Francisco del Oro. He had been given orders that, had Meusebach already departed, to overtake them and offer to assist in the negotiations. [12], By 1858, only five of the twelve Comanche bands still existed, and one, the Penateka, had dwindled to only a few hundred on the reservation. [15] As early as 1823, Austin recognized the need to have specific forces designated to fight the Plains tribes, especially the Comanche. [13] The militia concentrated on seizing and dividing the recovered bullion and other plunder rather than pursue the raiding party. [14], The Tonkawa warriors with the Rangers celebrated the victory by decorating their horses with the bloody hands and feet of their Comanche victims as trophies. The Battle Began as a raid where the Comanche party stole livestock and firearms which gradually turned into a gun fight. [38] Seven Texians died, including a judge, a sheriff, and an army lieutenant, with 10 more wounded.[36]. The Comanche were known as fierce warriors, with a reputation for looting, burning, murdering, and kidnapping as far south as Mexico City. Hmlinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, p. 216, Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987, Fehrenbach, T.R. Quanah believed Colonel Mackenzie when he promised that if the Quahada did not surrender, every man, woman, and child would be hunted down and killed. He was buried in the civilian cemetery at Fort Belknap. Iron Jacket was a Comanche chief and medicine man. The document was presented to the Texas State Library in 1972, where it remains on display. Thousands of surviving Mexican refugees fled to this area. Friendly Tosawi and Asa-havey led the Penateka to Fort Sill; Kiyou probably judged wiser to go, with his friendly Nokoni band, to the Wichita agency. [10][11][12] On February 18, they visited an old Spanish fort on the San Saba River, to determine viability for a settlement. They made contact at Plum Creek, near the city of Lockhart, Texas, on August 12, 1840. As revenge for the killing of 33 Comanche chiefs at the Council House Fight, all but three of the remaining captives held by the Indians were executed slowly by torture; the three who were spared had been previously adopted into the tribe. Goodnight also had to face raids along the way, once being wounded during an attack together with another fellow cowboy. [3] The Comanches killed a large number of slaves and captured more than 1,500 horses.[4]. Anadarko Agency. "[6] After loading loot onto pack mules, the raiders, finally began their retreat on the afternoon on August 8, 1840. The U.S. Army was likewise instructed not to attack Indians in the Indian Territories or to permit such attacks. Almost all (including a gallant warrior Nobah, who died trying to protect his chief's wife and daughter) were killed except one woman, who, being recognized as a white woman, was allowed to live. The leader of a band of renegade Indians and Caucasian bandits; the son of Chief Buffalo Hump. University of Oklahoma Press. The first began in the morning of May 12 [9] when the Texas Rangers led by General Ford attacked a Comanche camp, the Comanches were not ready for such attack and a massacre occurred. Scull handles the cage so well that Ahumado has him taken down, and inflicts more pain. His destruction of the Indians' horses, 1,000 of them in Tule Canyon, destroyed the Indians' resistance by taking the last of their prized possessions, their horses, along with destroying their homes and food supplies. [12] Those tribes who submitted to Comanche power were given latitude but had to provide food, lodging, and women as tributes. Noted geologist Ferdinand von Roemer wrote a vivid and accurate account of the expedition which is still available. She was later discovered to be Cynthia Ann Parker. These lands constituted part of the hunting grounds of the Penateka Comanche Indians. Yellow copper rings decorated his arms and a string of beads hung from his neck. [45], During this period, when settlers began to actually attack the Indians on the reservations established in Texas, federal Indian agent Robert Neighbors became hated among white Texans. First, the two attorneys appointed to represent the two Kiowa actually represented them, instead of participating in the kind of civics lesson which the Army had wanted. Anna, the departure of Pah-hayoco (now settled, during his last years, as resident guest among the Kotsoteka band), and Buffalo Hump's becoming first chief and Yellow Wolf's becoming second chief of the Penateka Comanches until his own death in 1854, Tosahwi became . Sturm found Quanah, whom he called "a young man of much influence with his people", and made his case for yielding peacefully. Schilz, Jodye Lynn Dickson and Schilz, Thomas F. This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 16:54. At Plum Creek near Lockhart, the Rangers and militia caught up to the Comanche. The first was the attack on the sleeping village. In 1829 both the young war chiefs, Buffalo Hump and his partner and alter-ego Yellow Wolf, went northward after a Cheyenne raiding party to recover a stolen big herd of Comanche horses and fight the Cheyenne warriors, as their more northern kinsmen Yamparika, Kotsoteka, Nokoni and Kwahadi warriors too were accustomed to do under their leaders Although such events would have proven catastrophic in early years as the Comanche raided towards Mexico City, the presence of American militias obstructed such attacks, thereby encouraging the Mexicans to become dilatory in payments. Lamar spent 2.5 million dollars against the Comanche in 1840 more than the entire revenue of the Republic during Lamar's two-year term. In August 1859, he succeeded in moving the Indians without loss of life to a new reservation in Indian Territory. Ta-ha-yer-quoip, or Horse's Back, second chief of No-co-nee or Go-about band of Camanches, his x mark. Friend, Llerena B. Houston wanted to do away with the cycle of rage and revenge that had spiraled out of control under Lamar. [1] The treaty was officially recognized by the United States government. One resident wrote, "We of Victoria were startled by the apparitions presented by the sudden appearance of six hundred mounted Comanches in the immediate outskirts of the village. The Comanche pushed out or killed most Europeans and Mexicans in the region, except the European-American Texans. [19], During Houston's presidency, the Texas Rangers fought the Battle of Stone Houses against the Kichai on November 10, 1837; they were outnumbered and defeated.[20]. [2] Isimanica led a party 300 warriors strong to the outskirts of San Antonio, challenging the Texas militia barracked in San Jos Mission, to come out and fight, but the Texans didnt accept his challenge. Cheyenne and Arapaho attacks along the northern border of Comanche territory coupled with huge losses in the two preceding generations in several smallpox epidemics had the Penateka chiefs convinced a treaty might be in their best interests. Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5. The militia began firing and the entire Comanche peace delegation was killed.[3]. Carson set back-fires and retreated to higher ground, where the twin howitzers continued to hold off the Indians. On the way back from the sea, the Comanches easily defeated three different Militia detachments under John Tomlinson, Adam Zumvalt and Ben McCulloch (all together, 125 men) near the Garcitas Creek; then, they overwhelmed another Militia company (90 men) led by Lafayette Ward, James Bird and Matthew Caldwell along the trail to the San Marcos River; finally, they were attacked by Texas Rangers (all the companies of central and western Texas, under Jack Hays and Ben McCulloch), and militia (units from Bastrop and Gonzales, respectively under Ed Burleson and Mathew Caldwell), rallied under gen. Felix Huston, at the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart. The pure unadulterated picture of a North American Indian, who, unlike the rest of his tribe, scorned every form of European dress. The Mississippian culture or Mound Builder region extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas. Quanah later said he was ready to die but was loathe to condemn the women and children to death. [58], Another well-documented attack happened in the spring of 1867. Like most Comanche Chiefs, Old Owl came to white attention following the Council House Fight. The soldiers who followed again opened fire, killing and wounding both Comanche and Texians. [1] The Treaty is one of the few pacts with Native Americans that was never broken. The Comanche could then easily kill their enemies before they had a chance to reload. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. He had been kidnapped by Comanches as a child and understood the language and culture. Forced to return to Texas on business, he stopped at the village near Fort Belknap. The Texas Officials were determined to force the Comanche to release all white captives among them. Catherine LaLoup Leon The Surrounded The normal Comanche tactic was to ride as fast as possible away from the scene of a victory, but on this occasion they slowed to a gentler pace acceptable to the heavily laden pack mules. The Battle of Plum Creek was a clash between allied Tonkawa, militia, and Rangers of the Republic of Texas and a huge Comanche war party under Chief Buffalo Hump, which took place near Lockhart, Texas, on August 12, 1840, following the Great Raid of 1840 as the Comanche war party returned to west Texas. Most of the loot they took was recovered, and the Texans involved in the battle suffered only one death. Battles and campaigns in the United States, Antelope Hills expedition (JanuaryMay 1858), First Battle of Adobe Walls (November 1864). During the period of 1821 to 1835, colonists had difficulty with Comanche raids, despite the formation of full-time militia ranger companies in 1823. Colonel Mackenzie and the 4th Cavalry Regiment pursued Quanah Parker and his followers through late 1874 into 1875. Until around the mid-17th century, the Comanche were part of the Shoshone people living along the upper Platte River in present-day Wyoming. Their goal was to get revenge on the Texans who had killed thirty members of a delegation of Comanche Chiefs when they had been under a flag of truce for negotiations.[1]. [43] Comanche allies, including the Waco, Tawakoni, Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, and Wichita, also agreed to join in the treaty. In Texas, however, the federal government could not do this. Little is known of Buffalo Hump's early life: education in his youth and training as a warrior, together with his cousin Yellow Wolf (Isaviah, spelled also Sa-viah and sometimes misspelled as Sabaheit, alias Small Wolf), went on under their uncle Mukwooru's ("Spirit Talker") influence and their cursus honorum (i.e., rising through the ranks) was in its full development during the Mexican domination of Texas. The raid in August 1840 by Penateka Comanches, led by war chief Buffalo Hump, on Victoria and the Port of Linnville, on Lavaca Bay, Texas, is said to be the largest raid by American Indians on cities in U.S. history (Texas was at the time still a republic). That allowed several hundred American families to move into the region. But the defenders were awake, and their long-range buffalo guns rendered the attack useless. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point on Texas settlements, or an attack by Indians on any white city in the continental United States,[4] they raided and burned these towns, plundering at will. The Penateka also requested that a representative of the German colonists serve as an in-house intermediary and live among them. Inclement weather, including an early snow storm, caused slow progress, and on November 25, the First Cavalry reached Mule Springs in Moore County, approximately 30 miles west of Adobe Walls. Lamar's success in ethnically cleansing the Cherokee, a neutral tribe, from Texas emboldened him to do the same with the Plains tribes. At the time of the Great Raid, many trade goods were en route from overseas to New Orleans, Louisiana to San Antonio, Texas and Austin, Texas; a total inventory valued at over $300,000 was reported to be at Linnville at that moment, including an undisclosed amount of silver bullion. [2] Background [ edit] [4] The Cherokee had less than 2,000 tribesmen in Texas, so removal of them was not a terrible drain on the republic, especially since the Cherokee War was relatively brief and bloodless for Texas, though certainly not for the Cherokee. [46] By 1860, there were fewer than 8,000 Indians and 600,000 colonists in Texas. University of North Texas, 1994. In any event, all parties agree that at sunrise on December 18, 1860, Rangers and militia under Sul Ross found and surprised a group of Comanche camped on Mule Creek, a tributary of the Pease River. Their expedition's purpose was to move the 2nd Cavalry from Oklahoma to Texas in order to better handle the raiding Comanches. In early 1847 some Penateka chiefs (Mupitsukup, Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna, but, apparently, not Yellow Wolf) met the Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors, Johann O. von Meusebach and the German immigrants united in the Adelsverein in the San Saba River council, and authorized them to settle Fredicksburg, in the grant the Germans had bought between the Llano and the Guadalupe rivers. [19] Throughout his presidency, Houston tried to restore the provisions of the treaty and asked General Thomas J. Rusk, commander of the Texas militia, to delineate the boundary. Quanah rode to a mesa, where he saw a wolf come toward him, howl and trot away to the northeast. The Caddos were the first to respond, and in August 1842 a treaty was reached. Dickson Schilz Jodye Lynn, Schilz Thomas F., Ted's Arrowheads and Artifacts from the Comancheria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Hump&oldid=1132796327, Native American people of the Indian Wars, Articles with dead external links from October 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The years 185658 were particularly vicious and bloody on the Texas frontier as settlers continued to expand their settlements into the Comancheria, and 1858 was marked by the first Texan incursion into the heart of the Comancheria, the so-called Antelope Hills expedition, led Ford and by marked by the Battle of Little Robe Creek. The influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries.[5]. Texas Tech University Libraries. Although they put up a fight, all of them perished during their last stand. But under the terms of Texas' accession to the Union, the new state retained control of its public lands. Yancey, William C. In justice to our Indian allies: The government of Texas and her Indian allies, 18361867. After the Republic was created, this trend continued. The ambush had been planned by a large band of Kiowa warriors under the leadership of Satanta. "The Rangers noted most of their dead foes were missing various body parts, and the Tonkawa had bloody containers, portending a dreadful victory feast that evening.". [4] During the American Civil War, when the U.S. Army was unavailable to protect the frontier, the Comanche and Kiowa pushed white settlements back more than 100 miles along the Texas frontier. Although rangers had found the tracks of a gigantic war party coming out of West Texas, and were shadowing the onrushing Comanches, part of the war party broke off and attacked Victoria before the citizens could be warned. [45] Allegedly not aware that Buffalo Hump's band had recently signed a formal peace treaty with the United States, Van Dorn and his men killed eighty of the Comanches. Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels, the first Commissioner of the society, had made it clear from the onset of the settlement plans that he was determined to find a way to coexist peacefully with the fierce Penateka Comanche. Blue Duck The son of Comanche war chief Buffalo Hump and his Mexican captive, Blue Duck leads a gang of renegade Indians and Caucasian criminals. Buffalo Hump, Comanche leader; Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance (1890-1932), journalist, soldier and Native American impostor In 1834, an American expedition to the Plains encountered a Comanche chief wielding a white buffalo skin as a flag of truce, immortalized in this painting by George Catlin. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from beyond the Edwards Plateau in West Texas to the cities of Victoria and Linnville on the Texas coast. Everyone panicked and drew their weapons. Penateka first war chief Buffalo Hump was determined to do more than merely complain about what the Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal. The Indians tried to block his retreat by firing the grass and brush down near the river. And finally both parties agree mutually to use every exertion to keep up and even enforce peace and friendship between both the German and the Comanche people and all other colonists and to walk in the white path always and forever. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Buffalo Hump . [8] In May 1847 Pahayuca, Mupitsukup, Buffalo Hump and Santa Anna again met Neighbors and learned that that the U.S. Senate had suppressed the article of Council Springs treaty which forbade settlers from encroaching into the Comancheria. Shoshone and other Numic peoples. Approximately 170 Comanche warriors and their families led by Quohadi chief Black Horse or Tu-ukumah (unknown-ca. In 1849 he guided John S. Ford's expedition part of the way from San Antonio to El Paso, and in 1856 he led his people to the newly established Comanche reservation on the Brazos River. 1850-1870 as a peaceful chief, led the Nokoni Comanche tribe during the last decade of the "Indian wars". After the Great Raid and hundreds of lesser raids, with the Republic bankrupt and all of the captives either recovered or murdered by the Indians, Texans turned away from continuation of war and toward more diplomatic initiatives by electing Houston to his second presidency. The Rangers had been trailing the war party for some time, unable to engage them because of their sheer numbers. The republic could not support the huge cost of a standing army for defense, and it might not be able to defeat the assembled might of the entire Comanche-Kiowa alliance, especially if they received Mexican help. Evidence existed that a widespread conspiracy of Cherokee Indians and Mexicans had united to rebel against the new Republic of Texas and rejoin Mexico. [17] Fredericksburg borders on the grant, but does not fall within the grant itself. General Augur then summoned Mackenzie to San Antonio where they held a strategy meeting. [39][40] Potsnakwahip ("Buffalo Hump") wished to exact further revenge and gathered his own warriors and sent messengers to all the bands of the Comanche, all the divisions of the bands, and the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache. Valuable Indian hunting grounds were plowed under, and grazing range for the Comanche horse herds lost. However, some army officers were eager to attack the Comanche in the heart of the Comancheria. He used them to neutralize the anti-Texans among the group, identifying the Mexican network and having its members killed. [1] Comanche allies, including the Wacos, Taweashes, Tawakonis, Kanoatinos, Keechis, belonging to the Wichita confederation, the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache, also agreed to join in the treaty. Print. The Tonkawa are a confederacy of tribes indigenous to central Texas. They were well supplied with high-quality firearms and had a large surplus of horses. In August Yellow Wolf, Buffalo Hump, and Santa Anna were in Mexico once again, leading 800 warriors.[8]. During Colonial Mexico, members of new cultures entered and settled in the area; through competition for resources and power, they became adversaries. Beef became a commodity after the war, and supplies from Texas were shipped to other states for a great price. Cynthia Ann Parker was returned to her white family, who watched her very closely to prevent her from returning to her husband and children. Among the chiefs who did not attend were Buffalo Hump, the Comanche war chief who would lead the Great Raid of 1840 in retaliation for the killings, and the other two principal Penateka war chiefs, Yellow Wolf, his cousin and alter-ego, and Santa Anna, who sided with him in leading the raid. These attacks affected the booming Texas economy. Under Houston's policies, Texas Rangers were authorized to punish severely any infractions by the Indians, but they were never to initiate such conflict. The Antelope Hills Expedition further expanded into the Battle of Little Robe Creek. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of Victoria and Linnville on the Texas coast. To avenge what the Comanche viewed as a bitter betrayal by the Texans, the Comanche war chief Buffalo Hump raised a huge war party of many of the bands of the Comanche, and raided deep into white-settled areas of Southeast Texas. Houston then expanded it to all tribes except the Comanche, who still wanted permanent war. On December 19, 1868, a large Comanche and Kiowa band faced a company of the 10th Cavalry on the way from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Cobb. [37] According to the report by Col. Hugh McLeod, written March 20, 1840, of the 65 members of the Comanches' party, 35 were killed (30 adult males, 3 women, and 2 children), 29 were taken prisoner (27 women and children, and 2 old men), and one departed unobserved (described as a renegade Mexican). The Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region were centered west of Texas. After the attack on Victoria, the Comanches camped the night of August 6 on nearby Spring Creek. After the Texas Senate removed the boundary provision from the final version of the treaty, Buffalo Hump repudiated it and hostilities resumed. In December 1838, Mirabeau Lamar, a partisan of the clash with the Indians and of their expulsion from Texas, succeeded Houston, after which the peace agreement failed and fighting restarted. The so-called Battle of Little Robe Creek was actually three distinct separate incidents which happened over the course of a single day. The Buffalo Hunters' War, or the Staked Plains War, occurred in 1877. Eventually, the three tribes agreed to share the same hunting grounds and had a mutual self-defense and war pact.[13]. [6] Most other Plains Indians had already arrived by the mid-18th century. Their trial strategy of arguing that the two chiefs were simply fighting a war for their people's survival attracted worldwide attention and galvanized opposition to the entire process. The Comanches' constant movement caused many of their opponents' older single-shot weapons to miss their targets in the chaos of battle. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this region and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. He led many raids against the Cheyennes, the Sacs, and the Foxes. As Austin used his network and government sponsors to spread the word of rich lands in Texas, thousands of additional colonists from the United States flooded into the region, many illegally. [56] However, in times of conflicts or when food are scarce, Indians would attack cowboys and their cattle in their land. [35], The interpreter warned the Texian officials that if he delivered that message, the Comanches would attempt to escape by fighting. [2] These Comanches were angered by the events of the Council House, in which Texans had killed the Comanche Chiefs when the Texans had raised a white flag of truce. [19] He negotiated a treaty with the Cherokee and other tribes on February 23, 1836, in Chief Bowles' village. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided, burned, and plundered these towns. In December 1868, exhausted after lack of food and freezing weather, the Nokoni went to Fort Cobb and there surrendered. After her daughter died from influenza, she starved herself to death when her guardians would not allow her to return to the Comanche to attempt to find her lost sons. The number of colonists was extremely limited, and they were always at risk of Comanche raids. When Sul Ross rescued Cynthia Ann Parker at Pease River, he observed that this event would be felt in every family in Texas, as every one had lost someone in the Indian Wars. The Comanche were noted as fierce combatants who practiced an emphatic resistance to European-American influence and encroachment upon their lands. The Kiowa led the first attack, by Dohsan assisted by Satank (Sitting Bear), Guipago, Set-imkia (Stumbling Bear) and Satanta; Guipago led the warriors to the first counterattack to protect the fleeing women and children. Houston supported the "Solemn Declaration", which gave the Cherokee rights to the land in Texas on which they lived. Colonial authorities did not encourage colonization in this area, as it was too far from their bases. The Penateka party came on a Cheyenne village near the Bijou Creek, north of Bent's Corral (Huerfano River), and stormed the whole herd of horses, however another Cheyenne party of about 20 warriors, equipped with some rifles, led by the famous Cheyenne chief also called Yellow Wolf stole back the animals; the Comanche party chased the fleeing enemies for a distance, but finally gave up to avoid an ambush. The Mesoamerica civilization was centered south of Texas. The treaty was made between the powerful chiefs Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna, Old Owl for the Penateka Comanche, and Meusebach for the Society. [12], When Sam Houston left the presidency of Texas the first time, the population seemed to support Lamar's strong anti-Indian policies. Although Texan military force was much stronger than previous Mexican colonists, the sheer rapidity of advance and large numbers of the raiders overwhelmed many of these early Texan colonists. Three units arrived, led by Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross, Captain J.J. Cureton, and First Sergeant John W. Spangler. As carried out, the policy was based on establishing a permanent Indian frontier, i.e., a line beyond which the various "removed" tribes would be able to carry on their lives free from white settlement or attacks. [8], En route, the group was approached by several English-speaking Shawnee, and Meusebach engaged three as hunters. Dallas Herald 2 Jan. 1861: The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. "Sorrow Whispers in the Winds: The Republic of Texas's Comanche Policy." Fehrenbach believes the union came from the necessity to protect their hunting grounds from settler incursions. In August 1843, a temporary treaty accord led to a ceasefire between the Comanches and their allies, and the Texians. The Comanche detested the Tonkawa, in particular, for allegedly being cannibals. [13] This domain extended south from the Arkansas River across central Texas to the vicinity of San Antonio, including the entire Edwards Plateau west to the Pecos River and then north again following the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Arkansas River. An important leader since the beginning of the 1820s, was chief and shaman; as their uncle . By 1823 war raged the entire length of the Rio Grande. Houston, who had promised the Cherokee during the Crdova Rebellion that they would be given their promised titles, protested in vain. The results of the battle are still being debated since the Rangers reported 80 Comanches were killed but only 12 bodies were found [7] The Comanches claimed to have killed 11 Texas Rangers. The Indians saw the wagon-trains as trespassers who killed buffalo and other game the Indians needed to survive. During the night the Comanche tents and stock were burnt. III. Other white captives were with bands of the Comanche not represented at the talks. In addition, by the 1830s the Comanche had established a large network of Indian allies and a vast trading network. The battle was one of the largest engagements in terms of numbers engaged between whites and Indians on the Great Plains. The Plains Apache and Kiowa migrated from the west into present-day Texas prior to European contact. The Cherokee War and subsequent removal of the Cherokee from Texas began shortly after Lamar took office. The Comanche put an end to Spanish expansion in North America. Quanah saw this as a sign, and on June 2, 1875, he led his band to Fort Sill and surrendered. As war chief of the Penateka Comanche, Buffalo Hump, and Yellow Wolf too, dealt peacefully with American officials throughout the late 1840s and 1850s.
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