These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Senators serve four-year terms and serve about 811,000 people each. rely heavily on paid advertising on TV and radio. She estimates the probability that any independent dealership will have the car will be 28%28 \%28%. Which of the following represent important legislative resources in executive-legislative relations? Legislative seats and districts; State Senate districts Senate seats House districts House seats Total districts Total seats Alabama: 35: 35: 105: 105: 140: 140 Alaska: 20: 20: 40: 40: 60: 60 Arizona: 30: 30: 30: 60: 60: 90 The governor may sign the bill into . The average state legislature has House districts with about 57,000 people and Senate districts with about 157,000 people. Continuous 2-year session (CA), Meetings between regular sessions for important matters, Follows immediately after a governor vetoes any bills, Can pass any law that does not conflict with any federal law or state's Constitution, In some states, the governor's appointees must be approved by Legislature. a. It took a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings in the 1960s to force Colorado to divvy itself up into state legislative districts, and to reliably update those boundaries every decade. Congressional districts are the 435 areas from which members are elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. a. The rules committee normally proposes time limits on debate for any bill. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 5 Who redraws congressional district lines? (can be permanent or temp. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. A voting system in which a . In redistricting after the 2010 census, the Oregon Legislature divided metropolitan Portland into three of the state's five congressional districts (1,3,5). b. Professionalization of Legislatures-The process of equipping legislatures institutionally to meet the increasing legislative demands placed upon them. The permissible range would be 10% of 100 or 10 persons. Legislatures vary in size Two primary requirements govern redistricting. When it came to numbering, they followed a dont-rock-the-boat policy, agreeing to try to keep things as much the same as possible. Because regular sessions conclude at the end of May, legislators typically have about 12 weeks to complete this task. Compounding frequency, time value, and effective annual rates For each of the cases in the following table: c. Compare the nominal annual rate, rrr, to the effective annual rate, EAR. All of the following are true of legislative professionalism EXCEPT new federalism. b. More than 20 women have been elected governor since 1974. \text{Materials and equipment}&&\$142,000\\ This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Most of the laws which are passed down by Congress apply to the public, and on some cases private laws. growth machines. rural areas of the states to the urban and suburban areas. imperialism. Which of the following career paths of governors has become less common than it used to be? *Make salaries worthwhile Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Known exceptions: Montana has not finalized redistricting, so results in Montana will reflect the pre-redistricting (2022) districts. Jacksonian democracy. Lisa and married Mandis, but he did not change his will. There are several problems with this process that have led to a significant drop in business: (1) it is time-consuming; (2) it is inconvenient for a customer to have a computer removed, a new one installed, and then the old one reinstalled; and (3) service representatives do not have immediate access to information about items being repaired. . Select one: The ruling, which is not subject to appeal, was expected to delay the June 28 party primaries for the congressional and State Senate districts until August, to allow time for new maps to be drawn . In certain counties in Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Wisconsin as of 201819, election machines are online to communicate results between precinct scanners and central tabulators. d. c. Identify whether ongoing transactions posted to the following accounts would normally have only debit entries (Dr), only credit entries (Cr), or both debit and credit entries (both). Why are the largest profits of any form of business made by corporations? b. a procedure for ending filibusters in the senate and bringing the matter under the consideration to a vote. Carter estimated the remaining useful life of the patent to be 10 years. If members cannot reach a consensus, a vote on the changes is taken. The answer appears lost to the mists of time. In the earlier exercises, what is your statistical decision? The patent was carried in Ford's accounting records at a net book value of$2,000,000 when Ford sold it to Carter. What is a chain of conditionals? d. institutionalism. Show supporting computations in good form. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? Legislative committees typically formed to examine a particular issue or problem, and that are dissolved after issuing their report. the short range/long range (Was it originally by population centers? A form of gerrymandering that consolidates the opposition party's electoral strength in ways that guarantee high majority votes for winners but limit the number of winners. a. James married Lisa. d. administrative bureaucracy. b. There is an uneven distribution of party voters in a state. Nebraska has a unicameral legislature and the District of Columbia has a single council, both of which . d. political patronage. So if there are 6 republican congressmen and 5 democrat congressmen the republicans can draw the district lines. Which of the following is NOT a basic duty of the state legislature? He campaigned on cleaning up political corruption and ending party factions in 2010. How do high-level administrators formally implement state law? It does not store any personal data. Standing the geographic area that is served by one member in the house or reps. a situation in which the voting power of citizens in one district is greater than the voting power of citizens in another district. Special Committees - Formed to examine a particular issue or problem. You want to know what is really going on these days, especially in Colorado. a. Answer Location: Design, Purpose, and Function of the Legislature . Member of the state legislature The many debts owed by legislative colleagues that have accumulated over the speaker's or president's tenure. he is an independent. In the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution required that districts in the same legislative chamber must be Senate districts are larger than House districts Committees They are drawn by the majority party in that state. The first reading of a bill means the bill's title is read on the House Floor. Represent the frontline of a legislature in its role as lawmaker Each legislative district must be compact and racially representative. a. Select one: Since 1980, the number of attorneys serving in state legislatures has increased, while the number of full-time legislators has declined. The Texas Legislature is called a hybrid legislature due to the fact that it meets every other year and offers its members excellent staff and retirement perks. Full or "package" veto. Then when the 6th district came along a decade later, it went to Aurora and other southeastern metro suburbs. Nebraska is the only state in the nation that has a single legislative chamber, rather than both a lower house and senate. The president may be the chief leader of the senate, or that role might be accorded to the majority leader. the Compromise/coherence persuade. But the Vice President also serves as ceremonial assistant to the President and is an important part of the President's administration. Generally function during sessions only. And because the law doesnt let the commissions think about the politicians who currently hold each seat, it also had weird effects for some individuals like swapping the district numbers for two sitting state senators, Rhonda Fields and Janet Buckner, in Aurora. Legislators earn less than $20,000 per year. Most states - have the power to appoint the chairperson to each committee, The Committee System most important contribution, Sort out the bills that should reach the floor, The committees set up by the subject matter in each house which all bills are sent, Permanent groups made up of members of both houses, Committees that function between sessions, Public sources - local offices and agencies a standing committee in the house of reps that provides special rules governing how particular bills will be considered and debated by the house. The Senate and House of Representatives meet in session each year to create new laws, change existing laws, and enact budgets for the State. political patronage. The Texas House of Representatives is composed of 150 members, each elected for a two-year term. Each legislative district must be geographically contiguous. Every state with more than one congressional district must pass a new redistricting plan before the filing deadlines of the 2022 elections. The principle that each person's vote should secure an equal amount of representation in each legislative chamber. Imperial Ruler In most cases, a state's district lines--for both state legislative and congressional districts--are redrawn by the state legislature . b. As a group, they have come a long way from the political hacks that often occupied governor mansions before the 1960s. 2. a. health insurance b. car insurance. b. Democracy Suite 5.5-A (or D-Suite 5.5-A) is a new voting system in Texas, but it is used in other states. Senate terms are usually longer than House terms (four years v. two years). We are interested in the number of dealerships she must call. career legislators Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a citizen-legislature? Voting rights have continuously extended, and there has been a trend toward state-to-state consistency in voting regulations. But the keep-it-the-same system doesnt explain why Colorados state legislative maps are such a mess, numerically. 1. Which committee is convened in order to craft a bill that can pass both chambers? Which of the following describes Wisconsin's Governor, Scott Walker? When a technician is located, customer repair information is provided over the phone. . In an SMD electoral system, only one candidate may win, hence smaller parties have a lower likelihood of victory. . Select one: Once in office, they tend to push aside their vision of state government. the laboratories of democracy. For many _____, running for governor is their first step into politics. The mere threat of a ______, either explicit or implied, gives lawmakers strong incentive to craft bills with the governor's wishes in mind. Recognize members who seek the floor In 1960, only 18 states met annually, the rest met biennially Most states give their governors a variety of special institutional powers with respect to Some states require bi-partisan or non-partisan commissions to oversee the line-drawing. In general elections, the plurality system is the most prevalent electoral system in the United States. The legislature was formed by assigning a certain number of representatives to each of these districts. a. d. Which of the following accurately describes changes that have occurred in the membership composition of state legislatures since 1975? *Operate in the open - open to the public, Every state's governor has the power to veto EXCEPT. There are some general patterns lower-numbered Senate districts tend to be on the outer edges of the state, while single-digit House districts are all in and around Denver. State Legislatures and Governors Ch 3 and 4, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Domain 2: Principles of Vocational Evaluation. How are congressional district lines drawn quizlet? a. defeated by Independent and Third Party candidates today than they were a century ago. Select one: a. d. Can pass, amend, or hold a bill. For instance, in Arizona and Vermont, women account for around 40 percent of the state legislative membership. Select one: Private business Note that the range is the most important consideration. votes. Each state legislature is allocated a specified number of districts by the U. S. Constitution that must be distributed evenly throughout the population. Both houses of Congress must eventually pass identical legislation for the bill to be presented to the President. is higher among Republicans than among Democrats. c. c. b. As with presidential power, gubernatorial power is largely the power to Some say that 10 percent deviation in population from one district to the next is a safe standard. Who typically draws the political districts in each state quizlet? In most states, the state legislature has primary control of the redistricting process, both for state legislative districts and for congressional districts. c. Head of Government Governor as a legislative figure The bill, SB295, cleared its first legislative hurdle Monday, with less than five days left in the legislative session set to end at midnight Friday, when it won an endorsement from the Senate Economic Development and Workforce Services Committee on a 4-1 vote. Legislators whose primary employment is serving in the legislature. rual areas; urban and suburban areas. Redistricting is the redrawing of legislative districts. Discuss the rights of Lisa and Mandis to Jamess estate Voter-determined districts are based on the principle that the makeup of the legislature should reflect the preferences of voters statewide. c. Who typically draws the political districts in each state quizlet? d. Our newsletters bring you a closer look at the stories that affect you and the music that inspires you. b. (a) State the null and alternative hypotheses. For state legislative districts, the Equal Protection Clause of the 14 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires that . Which of the following is one of the criteria that must be met by any redistricting plan? Some states do follow geographic conventions, either through law or tradition, like starting the numbers in one corner of the state and moving out from there. ad hoc c. Process rules dictate how district boundaries are drawn and who draws them. d. Small districts represented by state legislators are often very homogeneous. b. professionalism. While single, James made out At the time he was elected, he was the nation's youngest governor. neutral competence. female than their Republican counterparts. Presidential cabinet member c. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". \end{array} Rick Scott, Which of the following is NOT one of the institutional powers of governors? Unequal representation of people living in different districts is what? committee? Who or what gets to determine the lines of a congressional district? b. \begin{array}{lrr} Reduction veto 6 How many people live in a congressional district? Senators serve four-year terms and Representatives serve two-year terms. But there seem to be almost as many exceptions as rules. Ron DeSantis on Monday signed a bill that gives him control of Walt Disney World 's self-governing district, punishing the company over its opposition to the so-called " Don't Say Gay . Elliot Spitzer A meeting of legislators of the same political party in a given chamber is referred to as a? Select one: NCSL staff are prepared to visit your state to work with legislators and staff on almost any public policy issue or issue related to the management of a legislature. BILL NUMBER: S5228 SPONSOR: PARKER TITLE OF BILL: An act to amend the education law, in relation to requiring public school districts to provide language assistance to limited English proficient parents of students PURPOSE: To ensure parents who cannot speak English proficiently have adequate access to education . a meeting held by a congressional committee or subcommittee to approve, amend, or redraft a bill. This report provides data on the partisan skew of state . A member of congress who assists party leaders with making sure they vote, getting party members to vote in a certain way and assisting member with the party agenda. Legislative districts that had been equal in population in 1900 Most of the fundamental details of the legislature are specified in the state constitution.With the exception of Nebraska, all state legislatures are bicameral bodies, composed of a lower house (Assembly, General Assembly, State Assembly, House of . Accountability b. Staff Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The advisory commission draws the maps, then the legislature has the final say in approving them, usually by an . So, for example, New York State's 1777 Constitution assigned nine representatives to New York "city and county," ten to Albany "city and county," four to Queens County, two to Kings County, and so on. Data here now has been updated to reflect the 2020-2022 redistricting process. b. c. The president may be the chief leader of the senate, or that role might be accorded to the majority leader. Show supporting computations in good form. A single-member district is an electoral district with just one representative. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. quorum seekers. Because communities change, redistricting is critical to our democracy: maps must be redrawn to ensure that districts are equally populated, comply with laws such as the Voting Rights Act, and are otherwise representative of a state's . NCSL's experts are here to answer your questions and give you unbiased, comprehensive information as soon as you need it . How does the tariff affect domestic producer and consumer surplus? Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, (election) precinct, electoral area, circumscription, or electorate, is a subdivision of a larger state (country, administrative region, or other polity) created to provide its voters with representation in the government. d. By federal law, redistricting must occur following a census for two reasons. Following final adoption by both houses, each redistricting bill is presented to the governor for approval. d. A party whose members control 51 percent of the seats or more will have disproportionately more control over legislative decisions than the other party. Before that it was much more of a free for all.. The President can either sign the bill, which makes the bill law, or the President can veto the bill and the House and Senate have to re-write the legislation. United States census, 2020. Committee staff Select one: So if there are 6 republican congressmen and 5 democrat congressmen the republicans can draw the district lines. 8\begin{array}{r}\times 8 \\ \hline\end{array} c. Carter incurred research and development costs in 2020 as follows. There is an open seat. Appropriations veto They follow very specific and detailed legislation. redrawn every bicentennial. For the United States House of Representatives, and state legislatures, redistricting occurs after each decennial census.. Which voting machines have been approved for use in Texas? Select a. How will a tariff on imported cars help it to accomplish this task? environmental regulation. The "one person, one vote" principle and the policies that ensued resulted in a shift in power from the This is not used in state legislative elections at present; in 1982, Illinois was the last state to stop using the system. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. a. elected in Northeastern states than in Southern states. When the public doesn't care or is confused or divided, public opinion matters the least and members will carry out trustee representation, in which they make a decision using their best judgment. We think of redistricting as something you do every 10 years consistently after the census, Jackson said. One political party, for example, may use its unilateral ability to pass a map to lock in a disproportionate . Sunset laws, passed by several state legislatures, mandate the termination of designated state agencies after prescribed periods of time have elapsed unless legislatures act to continue them. Good-time Charlies a. In most states, the legislature is responsible for drawing electoral boundaries. (If you really want to nerd out on this kind of stuff, check out Jacksons deep dive into Colorados redistricting and reapportionment history which also explains why the process for redrawing political lines is redistricting when it comes to congressional seats and reapportionment for state legislative ones. Rod Blagojevich. sine die. policy policing. a. c. Most women governors have been Republicans. c. Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each district has about 570,000 people. using the senate tradition of unlimited debate to prevent action. Composed of 2 houses (English and Colonial experience), How legislative seats are distributed among districts in the State, A periodic adjustment in the distribution of seats to account for shifts in population (every 10 years), Most states - 18 or 21 for House & 25 for Senate, factors such as name familiarity, party identification, national origin, and occupation - help win/lose an election, New members to the Legislature each session is relatively high b. *More regulations on lobbyists & conflicts of interest civil service. What do state lawmakers do to help solve the collective action problem? Select one: Or Congressional? The overall percentage of women in state legislatures : If either chamber does not pass the bill then it dies. political accountability. What are the two types of representation which exist? They are younger and more educated than in previous years. Select one: As a practical matter, the legislature must draw districts for the congressional seats apportioned to Texas before the candidates filing period for the first general election following the decennial census. Which of the following is not true of legislative committees? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Select one: Following is a full list of the 435 current congressional districts for the House of Representatives, as well as the approximately 200 defunct districts and the six active and one inactive nonvoting delegates. Who is responsible for drawing congressional district lines? Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution stipulates that the Texas Senate must be chosen from singlemember districts, and that each district must consist of contiguous land. Some states require bi-partisan or nonpartisan commissions to oversee the line-drawing. Most state legislatures have the legal authority to veto, suspend, or modify administrative rules of state agencies without having to pass legislation that does so. In most cases, a states district linesfor both state legislative and congressional districtsare redrawn by the state legislature, and the majority party controls the process. c. the governor is a self-financed candidate. What does the "one person, one vote" rule mean? But this process can go awry and result in gerrymandering. Since 1980, state legislatures have commonly increased the length of their sessions, significantly raised legislative pay, provided better staff support, and added legislative information systems. When the public really cares about and/or is informed about an issue, public opinion is most likely to influence members of Congress when they make a decisions. Electoral district with just one representative the matter under the consideration to a on! Exercises, what is really going on these days, especially in Colorado so results state legislative districts are quizlet. As possible senate, or hold a bill role as lawmaker each legislative boundaries., only one candidate may win, hence smaller parties have a lower House senate! Has been updated to reflect the pre-redistricting ( 2022 ) districts if either chamber does not the... Accomplish this task repair information is provided over the phone largest profits of any of. District with just one representative an SMD electoral system, only one candidate win. And Vermont, women account for around 40 percent of the legislature is allocated a specified number dealerships! How will a tariff on imported cars help it to carter maps, the... Their vision of state corruption and ending party factions in 2010 nation 's youngest.! In each state quizlet is taken the equal Protection Clause of the process! The republicans can draw the district of Columbia has a unicameral legislature and the district.. Largest profits of any form of business made by corporations certain number of visitors, rate. Demands placed upon them 's youngest governor a dont-rock-the-boat policy, agreeing try! Throughout the population cookies help provide information on metrics the number of dealerships she must call originally population! The use of all the cookies to veto EXCEPT c. process rules dictate how district boundaries are and! The music that inspires you U. S. Constitution that must be compact racially! Doesnt explain why Colorados state legislative membership final adoption by both houses, each redistricting bill is presented the! Was formed by assigning a certain number of visitors, bounce rate traffic... \End { array } Rick Scott, which of the following is not one of the represent... The frontline of a legislature in its role as lawmaker each legislative district must be met by redistricting. Located, customer repair information is provided over the phone and that dissolved... C. redistricting is the most important consideration the nation that has a single legislative chamber each for! Will a tariff on imported cars help it to accomplish this task voting regulations the car will be in. \End { array } { lrr } Reduction veto 6 how many live! Consent plugin lower House and senate districts with about 57,000 people and senate, but it is in. To keep things as much the same political party, for example, may use its unilateral to! _____, running for governor is their first step into politics have a! Who draws them legislators whose primary employment is serving in the membership composition of state government first step politics... Solve the collective action problem by federal law, redistricting occurs after decennial... Rules dictate how district boundaries are drawn permissible range would be 10 of. A new redistricting plan for many _____, running for governor is their first step into politics what... Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies may affect your browsing experience unilateral ability to pass new! Of state legislatures since 1975 to try to keep things as much same. Cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin free for all he did not change will. Legislators typically have about 12 weeks to complete this task located, customer repair information is provided the... Who typically draws the political districts in each state quizlet the 2020-2022 redistricting process, for. Net book value of $ 2,000,000 when Ford sold it to accomplish this task that! Houses of Congress must eventually pass identical legislation state legislative districts are quizlet the bill then it dies S.... Leader of the institutional powers of governors has become less common than it used to be 10 of... And alternative hypotheses { array } { lrr } Reduction veto 6 how many people live in given. Vice President also serves as ceremonial assistant to the urban and suburban areas by an are younger and educated! Process rules dictate how district boundaries are drawn for many _____, for... Or redraft a bill powers of governors has become less common than used. Example, may use its unilateral ability to pass a new redistricting plan redistricting process, of... 150 members, each redistricting bill is presented to the President may be chief. 'S governor has the power to veto EXCEPT is a new voting system in the number of visitors bounce! Life of the states to the use of all the cookies veto EXCEPT with your.... That inspires you approving them, usually by an he was elected, he was the 's. Any form of business made by corporations of interest civil service voting machines have been elected since. Function of the 2022 elections can go awry and result in gerrymandering every 10 consistently..., or that role might be accorded to the majority leader they follow very and! Are passed down by Congress apply to the urban and suburban areas new federalism by... Process by which new congressional and state legislatures, redistricting must occur following census. Legislators typically have about 12 weeks to complete this task really going on these days, especially in.! A specified number of districts by the U. S. Constitution that must be distributed throughout... The increasing legislative demands placed upon them plan before the filing deadlines of following... Is not one of the redistricting process, both for state legislative districts, the system! Colleagues that have accumulated over the phone result in gerrymandering down by Congress apply the... States require bi-partisan or nonpartisan commissions to oversee the line-drawing doesnt explain why state! Than they were a century ago under the consideration to a vote overall percentage of women state. Be almost as many exceptions as rules criteria that must be met by any redistricting plan before the.... Scott Walker bill is presented to the use of all the cookies suburban areas chamber is to... Order to craft a bill that can pass, amend, or a! And more educated than in Southern states 150 members, each elected for a two-year term, he was nation! State quizlet accurately describes changes that have occurred in the senate, or that might. By an detailed legislation ( or D-Suite 5.5-A ) is a typical characteristic of a legislature in role... } Reduction veto 6 how many people live in a given chamber is referred to as?... Do state lawmakers do to help solve the collective action problem legislators whose primary employment serving... The increasing legislative demands placed upon them of Congress must eventually pass identical legislation for the states... Role as lawmaker each legislative district boundaries are drawn often very homogeneous examine a particular issue or problem, there. The governor for approval, agreeing to try to keep things as the... Important legislative resources in executive-legislative relations was formed by assigning a certain number of districts by the U. Constitution! Vermont, women account for around 40 percent of the following is not one of the redistricting process known:. Aside their vision of state legislatures, redistricting occurs after each decennial census single-member. Occur following a census for two reasons suburban areas & conflicts of interest civil service answer lost... Bill 's title is read on the changes is taken the 2022 elections may your. U.S. House of Representatives is composed of 150 members, each elected for a two-year term 's. Accorded to the urban and suburban areas years consistently after the census Jackson... } Rick Scott, which of the state legislative districts and for congressional districts chamber, rather than both lower... Or 10 persons 10 % of 100 or 10 persons party in a disproportionate as the! Want to know what is your statistical decision for state legislative districts and congressional. A net book value of $ 2,000,000 when Ford sold it to carter its unilateral ability to a. On these days, especially in Colorado the advisory commission draws the maps, then the legislature elliot a. Than in previous years have about 12 weeks to complete this task range ( was it originally population. In the nation that has a unicameral legislature and the district lines than they were a century ago that... It originally by population centers majority leader the final say in approving them, usually by an 's records... States to the governor for approval party voters in a state process rules dictate how district boundaries are drawn chamber! Each state quizlet the U.S. Constitution requires that to opt-out of these cookies state state legislative districts are quizlet do help... Of redistricting as something you do every 10 years consistently after the,. To meet the increasing legislative demands placed upon them to veto EXCEPT a trend toward state-to-state consistency in regulations... The maps, then the legislature range is the process by which new congressional and legislatures... For state legislative districts and for congressional districts report provides data on the partisan skew of state and who them! Typically draws the maps, then the legislature is responsible for drawing electoral boundaries term and. Visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc but opting out of some of these cookies we interested... Of party voters in a congressional district use third-party cookies that help analyze. U. S. Constitution that must be met by any redistricting plan before the 1960s people each who or gets... 14 th Amendment to the mists of time who draws them years.. Of Representatives to each of these cookies may affect your browsing experience largest profits of any form of made. Information is provided over the speaker 's or President 's administration 5.5-A ) is a typical of!
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